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Djurleite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Djurleite
Formula:
Cu31S16
"Extended" formula varies from Cu+60Cu2+2S32 to Cu+62Cu2+2S32 (Goble, 1985).
Colour:
Black, gray in reflected light
Lustre:
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
5.749 (Calculated)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named in 1962 by Eugene Holloway Roseboom, Jr. in honor of Dr. Seved Djurle [August 18, 1928 Sweden – October 4, 2000 Sweden], professor of chemistry at University of Uppsala, Sweden who first synthesized the synthetic equivalent before the mineral was discovered. {Note: Seved Djurle's birth year is frequently given as 1918 as various websites merely copy numbers without verification.}
A copper sulphide closely related to chalcocite and easily confused with the latter.
Note that chalcocite easily converts to djurleite under the electron beam through the rearrangement of Cu atoms (Pósfai and Buseck, 1994).
Identification requires XRD or other suitable methods.
Note that chalcocite easily converts to djurleite under the electron beam through the rearrangement of Cu atoms (Pósfai and Buseck, 1994).
Identification requires XRD or other suitable methods.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1300
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1300:6
IMA Classification of Djurleite
Approved
Classification of Djurleite
2.BA.05
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2 : SULFIDES and SULFOSALTS (sulfides, selenides, tellurides; arsenides, antimonides, bismuthides; sulfarsenites, sulfantimonites, sulfbismuthites, etc.)
B : Metal Sulfides, M: S > 1: 1 (mainly 2: 1)
A : With Cu, Ag, Au
2.4.7.2
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
2 : SULFIDES
4 : AmBnXp, with (m+n):p = 2:1
3.1.2
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
3 : Sulphides, Selenides, Tellurides, Arsenides and Bismuthides (except the arsenides, antimonides and bismuthides of Cu, Ag and Au, which are included in Section 1)
1 : Sulphides etc. of Cu
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Dju | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Dju | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Djurleite
Metallic, Sub-Metallic
Transparency:
Opaque
Colour:
Black, gray in reflected light
Streak:
Black
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Hardness:
VHN100=65 - 85 kg/mm2 - Vickers
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
None Observed
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
5.749 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Djurleite
Anisotropism:
Weak
Reflectivity:
| Wavelength | R1 (%) | R2 (%) |
|---|---|---|
| 400nm | 36.1% | 37.3% |
| 420nm | 36.2% | 37.1% |
| 440nm | 36.0% | 36.8% |
| 460nm | 35.7% | 36.4% |
| 480nm | 35.1% | 35.7% |
| 500nm | 34.2% | 34.8% |
| 520nm | 33.1% | 33.9% |
| 540nm | 32.1% | 33.0% |
| 560nm | 31.0% | 32.1% |
| 580nm | 30.0% | 31.3% |
| 600nm | 29.0% | 30.6% |
| 620nm | 28.1% | 29.9% |
| 640nm | 27.4% | 29.3% |
| 660nm | 26.6% | 28.8% |
| 680nm | 25.9% | 28.4% |
| 700nm | 25.3% | 28.0% |
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Peak reflectance is 37.3%.
R1 shown in black, R2 shown in red
Colour in reflected light:
Gray
Chemistry of Djurleite
Mindat Formula:
Cu31S16
"Extended" formula varies from Cu+60Cu2+2S32 to Cu+62Cu2+2S32 (Goble, 1985).
"Extended" formula varies from Cu+60Cu2+2S32 to Cu+62Cu2+2S32 (Goble, 1985).
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Ag,Fe
Crystallography of Djurleite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
P21/c
Setting:
P21/n
Cell Parameters:
a = 26.897(6) Å, b = 15.745(5) Å, c = 13.565(5) Å
β = 90.13(3)°
β = 90.13(3)°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.708 : 1 : 0.862
Unit Cell V:
5,744.67 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals may be short columnar, equant, prismatic, or tabular.
Twinning:
Common on {110}
Comment:
(Evans, 1979). Previously assumed to be orthorhombic.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0019203 | Djurleite | Evans H T (1979) Djurleite (Cu1.94S) and low chalcocite (Cu2S): New crystal structure studies Science 203 356-358 | 1979 | Ozark Lead Co. mine, Sweetwater, Missouri | 0 | 293 | |
| 0010818 | Djurleite | Evans H T (1979) The crystal structures of low chalocite and djurleite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 150 299-320 |  | 1979 | Ozark Lead Co. mine at Sweetwater, Missouri, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 6.6 Å | (3) |
| 6.17 Å | (15) |
| 6.05 Å | (4) |
| 5.13 Å | (8) |
| 4.48 Å | (4) |
| 4.284 Å | (5) |
| 4.127 Å | (3) |
| 4.095 Å | (5) |
| 3.903 Å | (9) |
| 3.578 Å | (20) |
| 3.627 Å | (4) |
| 3.596 Å | (4) |
| 3.586 Å | (5) |
| 3.524 Å | (6) |
| 3.472 Å | (5) |
| 3.385 Å | (3) |
| 3.362 Å | (3) |
| 3.344 Å | (5) |
| 3.291 Å | (15) |
| 3.283 Å | (15) |
| 3.219 Å | (3) |
| 3.194 Å | (18) |
| 3.161 Å | (5) |
| 3.104 Å | (3) |
| 3.044 Å | (15) |
| 3.013 Å | (19) |
| 2.970 Å | (9) |
| 2.938 Å | (3) |
| 2.895 Å | (15) |
| 2.885 Å | (3) |
| 2.869 Å | (13) |
| 2.818 Å | (10) |
| 2.812 Å | (5) |
| 2.785 Å | (3) |
| 2.779 Å | (10) |
| 2.691 Å | (4) |
| 2.654 Å | (20) |
| 2.629 Å | (10) |
| 2.608 Å | (6) |
| 2.557 Å | (8) |
| 2.530 Å | (8) |
| 2.517 Å | (8) |
| 2.477 Å | (10) |
| 2.469 Å | (10) |
| 2.432 Å | (5) |
| 2.417 Å | (17) |
| 2.396 Å | (3) |
| 2.389 Å | (85) |
| 2.385 Å | (5) |
| 2.354 Å | (5) |
| 2.236 Å | (6) |
| 2.312 Å | (6) |
| 2.288 Å | (5) |
| 2.263 Å | (5) |
| 2.234 Å | (4) |
| 2.219 Å | (6) |
| 2.188 Å | (5) |
| 2.148 Å | (6) |
| 2.107 Å | (5) |
| 2.062 Å | (4) |
| 2.052 Å | (3) |
| 2.046 Å | (5) |
| 2.028 Å | (4) |
| 1.964 Å | (90) |
| 1.957 Å | (90) |
| 1.871 Å | (100) |
Comments:
Similar to chalcocite.
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3b: Earth’s earliest hydrosphere | >4.45 |
| 12 : Hadean hydrothermal subsurface sulfide deposits (see also #33) | |
| 15 : Black/white smoker minerals and other seafloor hydrothermal minerals | |
| High-? alteration and/or metamorphism | |
| 33 : Minerals deposited by hydrothermal metal-rich fluids (see also [#12]) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals] |
Geological Setting:
Secondary enrichment zones of copper deposits.
Type Occurrence of Djurleite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, number M25369.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 92349.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, number 92349.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Djurleite
Copper Sulphides (in part)
Unnamed (MSH UK-55) (in part)
Other Language Names for Djurleite
Relationship of Djurleite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Chalcocite-Digenite Group:
| Chalcocite | Cu2S | Mon. 2/m : P21/c |
| Digenite | Cu9S5 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m |
| Roxbyite | Cu58S32 | Tric. 1 : P1 |
| Yarrowite | Cu9S8 | Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1 |
Structurally related to group(s):
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 149 photos of Djurleite associated with Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 103 photos of Djurleite associated with Chalcopyrite | CuFeS2 |
| 66 photos of Djurleite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 61 photos of Djurleite associated with Malachite | Cu2(CO3)(OH)2 |
| 56 photos of Djurleite associated with Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 48 photos of Djurleite associated with Pyrite | FeS2 |
| 42 photos of Djurleite associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 36 photos of Djurleite associated with Hematite | Fe2O3 |
| 34 photos of Djurleite associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
| 21 photos of Djurleite associated with Covellite | CuS |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 2.BA. | Makotoite | Ag12(Cu3Au)S8 |
| 2.BA. | Alburnite | Ag8GeTe2S4 |
| 2.BA. | Dzierżanowskite | CaCu2S2 |
| 2.BA. | Xuwenyuanite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
| 2.BA. | 'Orileyite' | (Fe,Cu)2As |
| 2.BA. | Juxingite | Bi6Cu+138Cu2+2Fe3+30S125 |
| 2.BA. | Luoxianchangite | Ag8SnS4Se2 |
| 2.BA.05 | Geerite | Cu8S5 |
| 2.BA.05 | Roxbyite | Cu58S32 |
| 2.BA.05 | Chalcocite | Cu2S |
| 2.BA.10 | Digenite | Cu9S5 |
| 2.BA.10 | Anilite | Cu7S4 |
| 2.BA.15 | Bornite | Cu5FeS4 |
| 2.BA.20 | Bellidoite | Cu2Se |
| 2.BA.20 | Berzelianite | Cu2-xSe (x ≈ 0.12) |
| 2.BA.25 | Athabascaite | Cu5Se4 |
| 2.BA.25 | Umangite | Cu3Se2 |
| 2.BA.30 | Rickardite | Cu7Te5 |
| 2.BA.30 | Weissite | Cu2-xTe |
| 2.BA.35 | Acanthite | Ag2S |
| 2.BA.35 | Spryite | Ag8(As3+0.5As5+0.5)S6 |
| 2.BA.40d | 'UM2003-13-S:AgAuCu' | Ag6AuCu2S5 |
| 2.BA.40 | Mckinstryite | Ag5-xCu3+xS4 |
| 2.BA.40 | Stromeyerite | AgCuS |
| 2.BA.42 | Honeaite | Au3TlTe2 |
| 2.BA.45 | Jalpaite | Ag3CuS2 |
| 2.BA.45 | Selenojalpaite | Ag3CuSe2 |
| 2.BA.45 | Kurilite | Ag8Te3Se |
| 2.BA.47 | Spiridonovite | (Cu1-xAgx)2Te |
| 2.BA.50 | Wuyanzhiite | Cu2S |
| 2.BA.50 | Eucairite | AgCuSe |
| 2.BA.52 | 'Argentite' | Ag2S |
| 2.BA.55 | Naumannite | Ag2Se |
| 2.BA.55 | Aguilarite | Ag4SeS |
| 2.BA.60 | Chenguodaite | Ag9Fe3+Te2S4 |
| 2.BA.60 | Hessite | Ag2Te |
| 2.BA.60 | Cervelleite | Ag4TeS |
| 2.BA.65 | Henryite | (Cu,Ag)3+xTe2 , with x ~ 0.40 |
| 2.BA.65 | Stützite | Ag5-xTe3, x = 0.24-0.36 |
| 2.BA.70 | Argyrodite | Ag8GeS6 |
| 2.BA.70 | Putzite | (Cu4.7Ag3.3)GeS6 |
| 2.BA.70 | Canfieldite | Ag8SnS6 |
| 2.BA.75 | Fischesserite | Ag3AuSe2 |
| 2.BA.75 | Uytenbogaardtite | Ag3AuS2 |
| 2.BA.75 | Penzhinite | (Ag,Cu)4Au(S,Se)4 |
| 2.BA.75 | Petrovskaite | AuAgS |
| 2.BA.75 | Petzite | Ag3AuTe2 |
| 2.BA.80 | Bezsmertnovite | (Au,Ag)4Cu(Te,Pb) |
| 2.BA.80 | Bilibinskite | PbCu2Au3Te2 |
| 2.BA.80 | Bogdanovite | (Au,Te,Pb)3(Cu,Fe) |
Fluorescence of Djurleite
Not fluorescent in UV
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Copper ore
Internet Links for Djurleite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1300.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Djurleite
Reference List:
Roseboom, Eugene H. (1962) Djurleite, Cu1.96S, a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 47 (9-10). 1181-1184
MORIMOTO, NOBUO (1962) Djurleite, a new copper sulphide mineral. Mineralogical Journal, 3 (5-6). 338-344 doi:10.2465/minerj1953.3.338
Evans, Howard T. (1979) The crystal structures of low chalcocite and djurleite. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 150 (1). 299-320 doi:10.1524/zkri.1979.150.1-4.299
Evans, H. T. (1979) Djurleite (Cu1.94S) and Low Chalcocite (Cu2S): New Crystal Structure Studies. Science, 203 (4378) 356-358 doi:10.1126/science.203.4378.356
Evans, Howard T. (1981) Copper coordination in low chalcocite and djurleite and other copper-rich sulfides. American Mineralogist, 66 (7-8) 807-818
Posfai, Mihaly, Buseck, Peter R. (1994) Djurleite, digenite, and chalcocite: Intergrowths and transformations. American Mineralogist, 79 (3-4) 308-315
Localities for Djurleite
Showing 403 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| Eduardo Jawerbaum specimens |
| Rainoldi et al. (2024) |
Atlantic Ocean | |
| Mozgova et al. (2007) |
| Gablina et al. (2006) | |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
| Gablina et al. (2018) | |
| Gablina et al. (2004) |
| Firstova et al. (2019) |
| Gablina et al. (2017) | |
Australia | |
| Henley et al. (2001) |
| |
| Gilligan et al. (1995) |
| www.portergeo.com.au and ... |
| Richardson et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Specimen M 48903 registered with Museum ... +2 other references |
| Munro-Smith (2006) |
| Carnegie Museum of Natural History ... |
| Segnit |
| Keeling et al. (2003) |
| RB94/00041 +1 other reference | |
| Pring et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Noble et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +3 other references |
| minerals.sarig.sa.gov.au (n.d.) |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... +1 other reference |
| Ralph Bottrill et al in prep. +1 other reference |
| R. Bottrill | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| |
| Secondar Minerals from the Braeside ... +4 other references |
| MacLeod (1991) |
| Grguric (2003) |
| Downes et al. (2011) |
Austria | |
| Niedermayr (1997) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2010) |
| Blass et al. (2000) |
| Niedermayr (2001) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2016) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2012) |
| Bojar et al. (1999) |
| U.Kolitsch (2007) |
| Raith et al. (2015) |
| Gröbner (2000) | |
| Paar et al. (1979) | |
| Jakely (Hrsg.) +1 other reference | |
| Moser & Postl (1990) +1 other reference |
| C.Auer (2012) |
Belgium | |
| Michel Blondieau. +3 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| du Ry et al. (1976) +2 other references | |
| Mélon et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
Brazil | |
| Bello (1986) |
Bulgaria | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Atanassov et al. (1973) +3 other references |
Canada | |
| Goble (1980) +1 other reference |
| Goble (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Adex Mining |
| Goad et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| MacMichael (1975) |
| Traill (1983) |
| Can Mineral December 1971 v. 11 no. 1 ... |
| Girard (1971) |
| FredricA Schuster |
| Econ Geol (1994) | |
| HORVÁTH et al. (2000) |
Chile | |
| Singer et al. (2008) |
| Kampf et al. (2012) |
| Maureira et al. (2023) |
| Maureira et al. (2023) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Flint (1986) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) |
| Morimoto et al. (1969) |
| Am Min 55:5-6 pp 1021-1025 |
| Am Min 55:5-6 pp 1019-1021 | |
| Am Min 55:5-6 pp 1021-1025 | |
| Clark et al. (1971) |
| Clark (1974) |
| Clark (1974) | |
| C. Ruiz Fuller/F. Peebles (1988) | |
| maurizio dini - based on samples the La ... |
| Teck Resources Limited |
China | |
| Zijin Mining Group Company Limited |
| Cheng et al. (2022) |
| Gu et al. (2026) |
| Huifang Xu et al. (1992) |
| Singer et al. (2002) |
Czech Republic | |
| Pauliš P. Mineralogické lokality ... |
| Sejkora et al. (2022) |
| Dolníček et al. (2024) |
| Kohout et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Ondruš et al. (2003) |
| |
| PAVLU (1984) | |
| Dolníček et al. (2025) |
| Malec J. et al.: Jacutingait (podkrkonošská pánev) |
| Pauliš et al. (2010) | |
| Sejkora (2016) |
| Fojt | |
| Dolníček et al. (with English summary) |
| Sejkora et al. (2021) |
| Krátký et al. (2026) |
| Anthony et al. (1990) +1 other reference |
| Velebil +5 other references |
| - (2023) | |
| - (2023) | |
Dominican Republic | |
| Torró et al. (2016) |
DR Congo | |
| Cailteux et al. (1973) |
Europe | |
| Kolitsch (1997) +1 other reference |
Finland | |
| N. MARCOS et al. (1999) |
France | |
| Chollet pascal collection - XRD analysed by Michel Blondieau at "Laboratoire de minéralogie (Belgium) |
| Deliens et al. (2004) |
| Mandarino (2001) |
| Favreau et al. (2024) |
| Namur university specimen and analysis | |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
Germany | |
| Schlomann et al. (1990) |
| Gröbner (2017) |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Walenta (1991) +1 other reference |
| Schrenk (2000) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| Walenta (2001) |
| Staude et al. (2012) |
| Walenta (2001) |
| Walenta (1992) |
| web.archive.org (2001) |
| Kopp et al. (2012) |
| Belendorff (2021) |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| Collection of Steffen Michalski |
| PETITJEAN collection |
| Weiß (1990) |
| Schnorrer-Köhler (1988) | |
| Rolf Golze +3 other references |
| |
| Mills et al. (2020) | |
| Golze +3 other references |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Schnorrer et al. (1997) |
| Schnorrer et al. (2000) | |
| Christof Schäfer |
| 56. +1 other reference |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| Blaß et al. (2004) | |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| Blaß et al. (2004) |
| ... |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Siemroth et al. (1999) |
| Siemroth et al. (1999) | |
| S.Jahn +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Gröbner et al. (2006) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) |
| Massanek et al. (2005) | |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
| Witzke et al. (2006) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2026) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
Greece | |
| |
Greenland | |
| Petersen (2001) |
Hungary | |
| Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference |
India | |
| S. G. Tenainkai et al. (1991) |
| Sikka et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| B. Ottens/Steffen Michalski specimens |
| Ottens et al. (2025) | |
Indonesia | |
| Warmada et al. (2003) |
Iran | |
| Sadati et al. (2016) |
| Barati et al. (2024) |
| Jadehkenary et al. (2025) |
| an example of Manto type copper ... +1 other reference |
| AN EXAMPLE OF MANTO TYPE COPPER ... +1 other reference |
| Mousavi Motlagh et al. (2024) |
Ireland | |
| Wen et al. (1991) |
| Ixer |
| XRD at Manchester Museum |
Israel | |
| Shlomovitch et al. (1996) |
| Shugar et al. (eds.) | |
Italy | |
| Barresi et al. (2005) |
| 415. +2 other references |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf +1 other reference |
| probed by Prof. P. Orlandi (2001) |
| Gianluca Armellino et al. (2024) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Bedogné et al. (1993) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| |
| Albertini (1991) +2 other references | |
| - (n.d.) |
| G. P. Bernhardini et al. (1973) +1 other reference |
| Stara et al. (1996) |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) | |
| Fernando Caboni et al. (2024) |
| Brizzi et al. (1994) |
| L. Chiappino collection |
| Folie et al. (2010) |
| Bonifazi (2020) |
| Amodio Morelli L. et al. (Alpi Apuane) |
| Brizzi G. et al. (FI) |
| Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| Brizzi G. (1996) | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Pegoraro S. et al. (2009) |
| Boscardin et al. (2011) | |
Japan | |
| Matsubara et al. (1979) |
| Suzuki et al. (1976) +1 other reference | |
| Sadanaga et al. (1974) |
| Handbook of Mineralogy Vol I p137 +1 other reference |
| Matsukuma collection (1966) |
| MATSUBARA et al. (1996) |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
| Yamada (2004) |
| Shimizu (1988) |
| Shimizu et al. (1987) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Manabe Minerals specimens +1 other reference |
Kazakhstan | |
| Box +2 other references |
| Box et al. (2012) |
| Sal'kov +4 other references |
Mexico (TL) | |
| Roseboom (1962) |
Morocco | |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
| Fabre (n.d.) |
Namibia | |
| von Bezing (2007) |
| Niedermayr (2001) |
| Bowell et al. (2013) |
| Schnaitmann et al. (2010) | |
| Brandstätter +3 other references | |
| [MinRec 8:Tsumeb 23 |
Norway | |
| Breivik (2015) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Larsen et al. (2019) |
| Nordrum (2006) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
| Norges Geologiske Undersøkelse. ... |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway (NGU) | |
| Witsø (1994) |
| Witsø (1994) | |
| Witsø (1995) | |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... | |
| Larsen (2016) |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Noku et al. (2012) |
| Espi et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Crowley et al. (1997) |
| Clark et al. (1990) |
| Clark et al. (1990) |
Philippines | |
| Braxton et al. (2011) |
Poland | |
| Oszczepalski (1999) |
| Pieczka et al. (2011) |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2012) | |
| Kucha H. 2007: Mineralogia kruszcowa i ... |
| Kucha (1979) +1 other reference | |
| Szopa et al. (2021) | |
| |
| Piestrzyński et al. (2000) |
| Duczmal-Czernikiewicz et al. (2021) | |
| Mederski et al. (2021) |
| |
| Oszczepalski et al. (2017) | |
| |
Portugal | |
| Gustavo Pereira Fernandes |
| In the collection of Juan González ... |
Romania | |
| www.minerals-of-the carpathians.eu (2009) |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2025) |
Russia | |
| Pekov et al. (2011) |
| Palyanova +3 other references |
| Shumilov (2008) |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p45 +1 other reference |
| Kuleshevich et al. (2007) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| Nenasheva et al. (2011) |
| Kochetkov. A. Ya. (2006) | |
| Kochetkov A. Ya. (2006) | |
| Kasatkin et al. (2021) |
| Gongalsky et al. (2019) |
Serbia | |
| |
Slovakia | |
| Vlasáč J. et al. (2018) |
| Koděra et al. (1986) |
Spain | |
| Carmona Ruiz +2 other references |
| Menor-Salván +1 other reference |
| A. Paniagua et al. |
| Castillo-Oliver et al. (2019) |
Sweden | |
| Gatedal (1997) |
| Otter (2004) |
| Nysten (1996) | |
| Holtstam et al. (1999) |
Switzerland | |
| |
| Stobbe (1987) |
| Stalder et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Meisser (2012) |
UK | |
| Elton et al. (2004) |
| |
| Embrey (1978) +1 other reference |
| Haas (n.d.) |
| Embrey (1978) +1 other reference |
| Young (2001) |
| Day (1999) |
| Stanley et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Bridges et al. (2008) |
| Stanley et al. (1991) | |
| Briscoe et al. (2008) |
| Stanley et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| Brian Craik-Smith collection +1 other reference |
| Ixer et al. (2005) |
| Thames Valley Minerals Specimen +1 other reference |
| Embrey (1978) |
| Embrey (1978) +1 other reference |
| Knut Eldjarn Collection | |
| Ixer et al. (2005) |
| [J.Russell Soc 1998:23] |
| |
| Faithfull et al. (2012) |
| Ixer et al. (1996) |
| National Museum of Wales database +1 other reference |
USA | |
| - (2008) |
| USGS OFR 2003-404 (Hudson,2003) +1 other reference | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| - (2008) | |
| Graeme (1981) |
| Graeme (1993) | |
| Rob Bowell | |
| Robert Bowell and Rolf Luetcke | |
| Roseboom et al. (1966) +2 other references | |
| Roseboom et al. (1966) +1 other reference |
| Merritt Stephen Enders (2000) |
| Schumer et al. (2019) | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Williams et al. (1975) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| Anthony et al. (1970) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1970) | |
| Anthony et al. (1970) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Bideaux (1980) +1 other reference |
| Morimoto et al. (1971) +3 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1970) | |
| Excalibur Mineral Corp. - Mineral News |
| Potter et al. (1976) +3 other references |
| www.benitoitemine.com +1 other reference | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Harvard Museum of Natural History ... |
| Gleba (2008) |
| Olds (2012) |
| Bornhorst et al. (1994) |
| Morris (1983) +2 other references |
| Rocks & Min.:72:417. |
| Leach et al. (1995) | |
| Jenkins et al. (2002) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| John M. Guilbert and Lester G. Zeihen | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Rye et al. (1984) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Nashua Min Soc. Disp. Cat. 1995 |
| II et al. (1994) +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Dr. Günter Grundmann collection |
| DeMark +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18031 |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... |
| Smithsonian Institution Mineral ... | |
| August 1980 +4 other references |
| Rocks & Minerals 81:229-234 +1 other reference |
| |
| Smith et al. (1984) |
| Sloto (2019) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Smith (1991) |
| Smith (1991) | |
| Price et al. (1985) | |
| Price (1983) |
| Rick Dalrymple |
| R&M 68:6 p372-380 |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| U of Wisconsin - Madison Museum |
Uzbekistan | |
| Kovalenker et al. (1997) |
Zambia | |
| Jacobs (2016) |
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Great Australia Mine, Cloncurry, Cloncurry Shire, Queensland, Australia