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Warikahnite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Warikahnite
Formula:
Zn3(AsO4)2 · 2H2O
Colour:
Colourless to light yellow
Lustre:
Vitreous, Waxy
Hardness:
2
Specific Gravity:
4.24
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
Named after Walter Richard Kahn (22 April 1911 in Braunlage, Germany, † 14 May 2009 in Bad Bayersoien, Germany), dealer and collector specializing in Tsumeb minerals, for his financial support of research on secondary minerals and their crystal structures.
Note: Some "warikahnites" (yellow prisms associated with Cu-bearing adamite and olivenite sprays) recently (late 1980s and later) sold turned out to be willemites. This material is similar to that shown in http://www.mindat.org/photo-174225.html and http://www.mindat.org/photo-372025.html .
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4244
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4244:0
IMA Classification of Warikahnite
Approved
IMA Formula:
Zn2+3(As5+O4)2·2H2O
Approval year:
1978
First published:
1979
Classification of Warikahnite
8.CA.35
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
A : With small and large/medium cations
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
C : Phosphates without additional anions, with H2O
A : With small and large/medium cations
40.3.1.1
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
40 : HYDRATED NORMAL PHOSPHATES,ARSENATES AND VANADATES
3 : A3(XO4)2·xH2O
20.3.5
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
3 : Arsenates of Zn, Cd or Hg
20 : Arsenates (also arsenates with phosphate, but without other anions)
3 : Arsenates of Zn, Cd or Hg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| War | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Warikahnite
Vitreous, Waxy
Transparency:
Transparent
Colour:
Colourless to light yellow
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2 on Mohs scale
Cleavage:
Perfect
{001} perfect, {010} and [l0O] distinct to good.
{001} perfect, {010} and [l0O] distinct to good.
Density:
4.24 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.29 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Warikahnite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.747 nβ = 1.753 nγ = 1.768
2V:
Measured: 75° , Calculated: 66°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.021
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v, (type description says none observed)
Optical Extinction:
Z ∧ a = 47° on {010}; OAP ≃ {001}.
Chemistry of Warikahnite
Mindat Formula:
Zn3(AsO4)2 · 2H2O
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Warikahnite
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 6.71 Å, b = 8.98 Å, c = 14.53 Å
α = 105.59°, β = 93.44°, γ = 108.68°
α = 105.59°, β = 93.44°, γ = 108.68°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.747 : 1 : 1.618
Unit Cell V:
788.58 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Bladed subhedral crystals, elongated along [100], flattened on {010}, and striated. Forms include {010}, {100}, {001}, and {0kl}.
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
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Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0015678 | Warikahnite | Riffel H, Keller P, Hess H (1980) Die kristallstruktur von warikahnit, Zn3[(H2O)2|(AsO4)2] Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 27 187-199 | 1980 | Tsumeb mine, Namibia | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.12 Å | (60) |
| 6.21 Å | (80) |
| 3.45 Å | (70) |
| 3.04 Å | (60) |
| 2.87 Å | (80) |
| 2.82 Å | (100) |
| 2.30 Å | (70) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals] | |
| 47d : [Arsenates, antimonates, selenates, bismuthinates] |
Type Occurrence of Warikahnite
General Appearance of Type Material:
Crystals are bladed, up to 3 x 0.5 x 0.5 mm, elongated on [100], in radiating masses.
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany, number NM04.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, numbers 117116, 117117.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, numbers 144801, 144802, 147462.
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, numbers 117116, 117117.
National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA, numbers 144801, 144802, 147462.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
On corroded tennantite.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Warikahnite
Other Language Names for Warikahnite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 2 photos of Warikahnite associated with Leiteite | Zn(As2O4) |
| 1 photo of Warikahnite associated with Koritnigite | Zn(AsO3OH) · H2O |
| 1 photo of Warikahnite associated with Tennantite-(Zn) | Cu6(Cu4Zn2)As4S12S |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.CA. | Apexite | NaMg(PO4) · 9H2O |
| 8.CA. | Brandãoite | BeAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)5 |
| 8.CA. | Davidlloydite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.05 | Parafransoletite | Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.05 | Fransoletite | Ca3Be2(PO4)2(PO3OH)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.10 | Ehrleite | Ca4Be3Zn2(PO4)6 · 9H2O |
| 8.CA.15 | Faheyite | Be2Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)4 · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Mccrillisite | NaCs(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1-2H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Gainesite | Na(Na,K)(Be,Li)Zr2(PO4)4 · 1.5-2H2O |
| 8.CA.20 | Selwynite | NaK(Be,Al)Zr2(PO4)4 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.25 | Pahasapaite | Li8(Ca,Li,K)10.5Be24(PO4)24 · 38H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Nizamoffite | Mn2+Zn2(PO4)2(H2O)4 |
| 8.CA.30 | Arsenohopeite | Zn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.30 | Hopeite | ZnZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.40 | Phosphophyllite | Zn2Fe 2+(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.42 | Steinmetzite | Zn2Fe3+(PO4)2(OH) · 3H2O |
| 8.CA.45 | Parascholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.45 | Scholzite | CaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.50 | Keyite | Cu2+3Zn4Cd2(AsO4)6 · 2H2O |
| 8.CA.55 | Pushcharovskite | K0.6Cu18[AsO2(OH)2]4[AsO3OH]10(AsO4)(OH)9.6 · 18.6H2O |
| 8.CA.60 | Prosperite | Ca2Zn4(AsO4)4 · H2O |
| 8.CA.65 | Gengenbachite | KFe3+3(PO3OH)4[PO2(OH)2]2 · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.70 | Parahopeite | Zn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.70 | Reaphookhillite | MgZn2(PO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.75 | Stergiouite | CaZn2(AsO4)2 · 4H2O |
| 8.CA.80 | Limousinite | BaCa[Be4P4O16] · 6H2O |
| 8.CA.85 | Minjiangite | BaBe2(PO4)2 |
| 8.CA.85 | Wilancookite | (Ba5Li2◻)Ba6Be24P24O96 · 26H2O |
Other Information
IR Spectrum:
Shows the presence of H2O and (AsO4)3-.
Thermal Behaviour:
Water loss occurs in one step at 365 °C.
Notes:
Dissolved by hot HCl or HNO3.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Warikahnite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4244.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Warikahnite
Reference List:
Riffel, H., Keller, P., Hess, H. (1980) Die Kristallstruktur von Warikahnit, Zn3[(H2O)2|(AsO4)2]. TMPM Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen, 27 (3). 187-199 doi:10.1007/bf01082368
Localities for Warikahnite
Showing 4 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Greece | |
| |
| Rieck (1999) | |
| Pinch (2005) |
Namibia (TL) | |
| Keller et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
Quick NavTopAbout WarikahniteUnique IdentifiersIMA Classification Classification Mineral SymbolsPhysical Properties Optical Data Chemistry Crystallography Crystal StructureX-Ray Powder DiffractionGeological EnvironmentType Occurrence SynonymsOther LanguagesCommon AssociatesStrunz-MindatOther InformationInternet Links References Localities Locality List
Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia