Statistical working papers

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The statistical working papers collection is a channel for statisticians, economists, and other researchers to publish innovative work undertaken in statistical areas and methods, which are relevant for the European Statistical System. These papers constitute work in progress and are published to inform and stimulate discussions in the international statistical community about on-going methodological developments and applied statistical studies.

Please consult the following documents:

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Flash estimates of income distribution: capturing labour market dynamics – 2025 edition

Flash Estimates provide early insights into the distributional impacts of labour market changes and social policies, just six months after the reference period. Using a two-step nowcasting...

14 October 2025

GDP nowcasting for the euro area and member countries – 2025 edition

This publication evaluates various real-time GDP nowcasting models for the euro area and six member countries (Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and the Netherlands) using recent data from...

10 October 2025

Gender pay gaps in the European Union – 2025 edition

This publication analyses gender pay gaps in the European Union from a statistical perspective. This edition is based on Structure of Earnings Survey 2022 data (SES 2022) and updates the two...

29 September 2025

EU Sport Satellite Account: Research into estimating the economic value of sport in the EU – 2025 edition

The "EU Sport Satellite Account: 2025 edition" analyses the economic impact of sport in the EU using harmonised estimation methods and the Vilnius definition of sport. It guides the compilation of...

9 September 2025

TEC revision 2024: A new approach for VAT groups in German TEC data – 2025 edition

The statistics Trade by Enterprise Characteristics (TEC) provide important information on the types of enterprises engaged in international trade in goods. Users can, among other aspects, obtain...

1 September 2025

Introduction of a panel component in the LUCAS survey and the use of a composed estimator for statistics production – 2025 edition

The paper presents a statistical study aimed at determining the optimal rate of panel sample points for the European Land Cover and Land Use Survey (LUCAS) survey. Furthermore, the pros and cons of...

Macroeconomic globalisation indicators based on FIGARO – 2024 edition

This working paper describes the set of macroeconomic globalisation indicators computed on the basis of the EU inter-country supply, use, and input-output-tables, called the FIGARO tables, offering...

4 December 2024

A real-time simulation study on the behaviour of alternative trend-cycle decomposition methods during the pandemic – 2024 edition

This statistical working paper compares trend and cycle estimates from the Hodrick-Prescott, Christiano-Fitzgerald, and Harvey-Trimbur filters for selected euro area indicators. Each method appears...

Business statistics framework for global value chains – 2024 edition

The GVC framework document outlines modern GVC concepts, scrutinizes current measurement practices, and identifies gaps, especially in business and trade statistics. Recommendations include an...

An introduction to Large Language Models and their relevance for statistical offices – 2024 edition

This manual serves as a guide for data professionals employing Large Language Models (LLMs) in Official Statistics. It covers the evolution, architecture, applications, and future prospects of...