Existing studies of the multi-group dynamics of prejudiced societies focus on the social- psychological knowledge behind the relevant processes. We instead create a multi-agent framework that simulates the propagation of prejudice and measures its tangible impact on prosperity. Levels of prosperity are tracked for individuals as well as larger social structures including groups and factions. We model social interactions using the Continuous Prisoner's Dilemma (CPD) and a new agent type called a prejudiced agent. Our simulations show that even modeling prejudice (...) as an exclusively out-group phenomenon nonetheless generates implicit in-group promotion, leading to higher relative prosperity of a prejudiced population. This skew in prosperity is seen to be correlated to factors such as size difference between groups, and the fraction of prejudiced agents in a group. Our model is a step towards a deeper understanding of the origins, propagation, and ramifications of prejudice through simulative studies grounded in apt theoretical backgrounds. (shrink)

This study explores the development of an AI-driven logistics platform designed to enhance delivery efficiency and customer satisfaction through time-slot scheduling. Focusing on optimizing last-mile delivery, predictive analytics, and customer engagement, the platform addresses the growing demand for flexible and reliable delivery services. By analysing existing literature and systems, the study identifies critical features and challenges associated with modern logistics solutions. The proposed platform emphasizes a customer-centric design, offering dynamic time-slot selection, real-time tracking, and predictive route optimization. Detailed methodologies, including (...) system architecture and AI implementation strategies, are presented. The anticipated outcomes suggest that such a platform can significantly reduce delivery failures, improve operational efficiency, and cater to the diverse needs of modern consumers while promoting sustainability in logistics. (shrink)

Rutherford’s α-particles scattering experiment was one of the milestone for the physics community as it provided an insight to an atom thus discarding the previously prevailed Thomson’s model. Through this article we shall examine the theoretical formulation of Rutherford’s experiment and how it helped to shape the modern physics.

The rapid evolution of enterprise software necessitates a structured and scalable approach to product strategy. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for structuring and scaling enterprise software products, integrating key elements such as business models, pricing strategies, sales motions, and product-led growth. By leveraging data-driven monetization techniques and go-to-market strategies, enterprises can optimize revenue, enhance customer adoption, and sustain competitive advantage. The proposed strategic playbook synthesizes existing research with industry best practices to provide actionable insights for enterprise software leaders seeking (...) sustainable growth and market expansion. (shrink)

Cloud computing environments, with their vast scale and dynamic nature, are prime targets for cyber- attacks. The effectiveness of traditional security systems is often limited due to high false-positive rates, delayed response times, and resource constraints. Performance-based threat detection (PB-TD) represents an innovative approach that focuses on leveraging system performance metrics (e.g., CPU usage, memory utilization, network traffic) to identify anomalies indicative of potential security threats. This paper explores the application of performance-based metrics to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of (...) threat detection in cloud environments. By analyzing real-time system performance data, PB-TD enables faster identification of security incidents, reduces the computational overhead of conventional intrusion detection systems (IDS), and optimizes resource usage. The study investigates the effectiveness of PB-TD in cloud environments, focusing on performance gains, detection rates, and real-time scalability. The findings suggest that performance-based methods significantly enhance threat detection, especially in resource-constrained cloud settings. (shrink)

Black holes are one of the fascinating objects in the universe with gravitational pull strong enough to capture light within them. Through this article we have attempted to provide an insight to the black holes, on their formation and theoretical developments that made them one of the unsolved mysteries of universe.

This paper attempts to classify the beggars of modern Nepal according to their professional and their art of begging. By observing their principles of begging, we have classified them into 6 categories and each category has been explained in brief.

This article provides a brief outline of Special Theory of Relativity. The physics before the relativity, the special relativity in itself, and the consequences of special relativity are discussed here.

Society is one of the intangible needs of humans, for humans since their very dawn have been a social animal. Through this article, we have attempted to analyze the social aspects of current day Nepal, and have made a humble attempt to categorize the major challenges faced by current day Nepal under 4 major headings.

Corruption is one of the major problems of present day world, that is intangible in itself, but, plays a major role in our daily life, which either, directly or indirectly, is effecting our lives. Through this paper, we have tried to classify the types of corruption under five major headings.

This article tries to provide an insight about the psychological impression of Hindu worshipper to their gods.

This essay intends to focus on the examination systems taken by the universities to judge the knowledge of student, where creative students are highly underrated and the students who read by parroting without any conceptual gain are honoured. This system is labeled as a dogma by the author.

Ambedkar denounced caste system for violating the respect and dignity of the individual; yet his critique of caste-ridden society also foregrounds the limits of the theory and practice of citizenship and liberal politics in India. Since membership of a caste group was not a voluntary choice, but determined by birth and hence a coercive association, the liberal view of the self as a totally unencumbered and radically free subject seemed plagued with difficulties. Though the nation state envisages a political community (...) co-extensive with one cultural community, it need not, Ambedkar argued, necessarily lead to abolition of discriminatory caste practices in civil society. To restore the cultural rights of stigmatised populations, unredeemed by the nation state, propelled Ambedkar to seek solution in B. (shrink)

Recent advances in stem cell-derived human brain organoids and microelectrode array (MEA) tech- nology raise profound questions about the potential for these systems to give rise to sentience. Brain organoids are 3D tissue constructs that recapitulate key aspects of brain development and function, while MEAs enable bidirectional communication with neuronal cultures. As brain organoids become more sophisticated and integrated with MEAs, the question arises: Could such a system support not only intelligent computation, but subjective experience? This paper explores the philosophical (...) implications of this thought experiment, considering scenarios in which brain organoids exhibit signs of sensory awareness, distress, preference, and other hallmarks of sentience. It examines the ethical quandaries that would arise if compelling evidence of sentience were found in brain organoids, such as the moral status of these entities and the permissibility of different types of research. The paper also explores how the phenomenon of organoid sentience might shed light on the nature of consciousness and the plausibility of artificial sentience. While acknowledging the speculative nature of these reflections, the paper argues that the possibility of sentient brain organoids deserves serious consideration given the rapid pace of advances in this field. Grappling with these questions proactively could help set important ethical boundaries for future research and highlight critical avenues of scientific and philosophical inquiry. The thought experiment of sentient brain organoids thus serves as a valuable lens for examining deep issues at the intersection of neuroscience, ethics, and the philosophy of mind. (shrink)

B R Ambedkar’s reinterpretation of Buddhism gives us an account of action that is based on democratic politics of contest and resistance. It relies on a reading of the self as a multiple creature that exceeds the constructions of liberal autonomy. Insofar as Buddhist groups do not jeopardise or restrict their members’ capacities and opportunities to make any decision about their own lives, they do not risk violating democratic principles. But to remain socially relevant they must continue to contribute to (...) a practical impact on the social world which is so neatly intertwined with the political in present-day India. (shrink)

An embedded ideology of the religious-secular binary in its various forms has assumed currency in recent continental and Anglo-American political thought. This ideology highlights the difference between religion under modernization, broadly defined by the secularization thesis, and that of religious revival in a period characterized by postsecularism. It reflects the rise of new epistemologies and the dissolution of the antinomies between faith and reason characteristic of a postsecular culture. A common argument found in these writings is that enlightenment secularization, which (...) relegates the sacred to a private sphere, seems to have discovered its own parochialism as religion continues to provide…. (shrink)

Recent feminist critiques of development have questioned some fundamental assumptions of feminist political theory; such critiques have also been successful in subverting long-held assumptions of conventional economic development. Viewed in the context of women’s subordination in third world countries, a redefinition of development must not only be about economic growth, but ensure a redistribution of resources, challenge the gender-based division of labour and also seek to provide for an egalitarian basis in social arrangements. Further, as this article argues, any starting (...) point for feminist critiques of development must also seek to link the end of gender oppression to multiple theories of justice – a justice not juridical but one that recognises the cultural membership of women in the community. (shrink)

The debate on equality and non-discrimination is certainly not a new one, but the way it is incorporated in that on social exclusion leads to several shifts within the discourse on social justice. The term social exclusion is multidimensional although its western use in a selective way about markets promoting equality separates it from the Indian emphasis on social justice as linked to ending discrimination of dalit groups. The concept of social exclusion is inherently problematic as it faces three major (...) challenges in India: the first relates to the historical discrimination of certain groups and their exclusion; the second is about the political economy of the excluded; and the third questions the way in which equality responses are restricted within the framework of social exclusion. (shrink)

Moral injury is a complex psychological and spiritual phenomenon that arises when an individual’s core moral beliefs are violated by their own actions, the actions of others, or by systemic failures. Often discussed in military and healthcare contexts, moral injury goes beyond traditional mental health diagnoses such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), encompassing profound feelings of guilt, shame, betrayal, and a fractured sense of identity and meaning. As artificial intelligence (AI) technologies advance and increasingly interact with human lives, a critical (...) question emerges: can AI understand moral injury? This inquiry probes not only the limits of AI capabilities but also challenges our understanding of human morality, emotion, and consciousness. To assess whether AI can understand moral injury, it is essential first to clarify what moral injury entails. Unlike PTSD, which is primarily a response to fear-based trauma, moral injury involves a violation of ethical or moral frameworks that are integral to a person’s identity. For example, a soldier who participates in or witnesses acts that contradict their deeply held beliefs about right and wrong may experience moral injury. Similarly, healthcare workers forced to make impossible decisions under resource scarcity may suffer moral injury when they feel they have compromised their professional ethics or humanistic values. Moral injury manifests as deep psychological distress including feelings of guilt, shame, anger, and despair. It often leads to existential crises, as individuals wrestle with questions of meaning, forgiveness, and reconciliation. Recovery typically requires a complex process of narrative reconstruction, social support, and often spiritual or moral reflection. This deeply personal and context-sensitive experience is rooted in conscious awareness, emotions, and values—elements that are fundamentally human. Artificial intelligence, particularly in the form of advanced machine learning and natural language processing, has shown remarkable abilities in data analysis, pattern recognition, and even conversational interaction. AI systems can be trained on vast amounts of text and data to simulate responses that appear empathetic, insightful, or morally aware. For example, AI-driven chatbots can provide mental health support by recognizing distress words and offering calming or supportive language. However, it is critical to differentiate between syntactic processing and semantic understanding. AI operates by detecting patterns and correlations in data rather than experiencing emotions or possessing consciousness. When an AI system generates a response indicating “I understand your pain,” it is not expressing genuine empathy but is instead reproducing a programmed or learned pattern based on previous inputs and outputs. True understanding, especially of something as nuanced as moral injury, requires subjective experience—something AI lacks entirely. AI has no moral compass, no self-reflective awareness, and no personal values. It cannot experience guilt, shame, or betrayal because these emotions arise from human consciousness embedded in social, cultural, and spiritual frameworks. While AI cannot truly understand moral injury in the human sense, it can nonetheless identify linguistic and behavioral patterns indicative of moral distress. Through techniques such as natural language processing (NLP), AI can analyze narratives—such as clinical notes, personal journals, or social media posts—for keywords and emotional tones associated with moral injury. For instance, an AI might detect phrases like “I feel betrayed,” “I can’t forgive myself,” or “I question my purpose,” which can be signals of moral injury. By analyzing large datasets, AI can help researchers uncover trends in moral injury prevalence across different populations or contexts, contributing valuable insights to the scientific and medical communities. AI-powered tools can also assist clinicians by providing early warnings of moral distress in patients, flagging those who may benefit from further assessment or intervention. In this way, AI acts as an augmentative tool that supports human professionals in understanding the scope and impact of moral injury. Beyond analysis, AI is increasingly being integrated into mental health care through virtual therapists, chatbots, and digital companions. These systems can engage users in conversation, offer coping strategies, or provide psychoeducation. Some users find interacting with AI less intimidating than human therapists, which can lower barriers to seeking help. However, AI’s therapeutic role is limited by its inability to genuinely empathize or provide moral guidance. Moral injury often requires deeply human responses: validation of suffering, shared values, moral reconciliation, and relational trust. AI cannot replace the relational and existential dimensions of healing. Moreover, the “empathy” demonstrated by AI is a simulation based on linguistic models rather than a felt experience. While this can be comforting for some users, it may also risk creating illusions of understanding that might leave others feeling further isolated when true human connection is needed. The deployment of AI in contexts related to moral injury raises significant ethical questions. One major concern is the potential for AI to inadvertently trivialize or misunderstand the profound nature of moral injury. Users might anthropomorphize AI agents, attributing human-like moral and emotional capacities where none exist, leading to misplaced trust. Privacy and data security are also paramount. Individuals sharing their deepest moral wounds with AI systems must have assurances that their data will be protected. Mismanagement could lead to harmful breaches of confidentiality. Furthermore, reliance on AI for addressing moral injury must not divert resources or attention from human-centered care. AI should be viewed as a complement rather than a substitute for human empathy, moral reasoning, and relational healing. Philosophers and cognitive scientists have long debated whether machines can possess morality or moral understanding. Some argue that morality is inherently tied to consciousness, emotions, and social context, which machines lack. Others explore the possibility of “machine ethics,” where AI could be programmed to follow ethical rules or make moral decisions based on utilitarian or deontological principles. Even with advances in explainable AI and ethical algorithms, this type of morality is fundamentally different from human moral experience. AI “morality” is rule-based and lacks the richness of human moral imagination, emotional depth, and self-reflection. Understanding moral injury, by contrast, is not just about knowing rules but about the painful lived experience of moral failure and the quest for redemption. Looking ahead, AI’s role in addressing moral injury will likely expand, especially as mental health care seeks scalable solutions. AI can enhance research, improve detection, and provide accessible preliminary support. Yet, it is crucial that the limits of AI’s understanding are acknowledged. The healing of moral injury is a profoundly human journey, relying on trust, community, forgiveness, and meaning-making. AI, without consciousness or emotion, cannot replace these elements but can serve as a powerful assistant to humans who do. Ultimately, the question “Can AI understand moral injury?” reveals more about what it means to be human than about AI itself. Moral injury lies at the intersection of ethics, emotion, and existential meaning—territory that machines are not equipped to navigate. Responsible integration of AI into this sensitive area requires humility, ethical oversight, and a steadfast commitment to human-centered care. AI, for all its remarkable capabilities, does not and cannot understand moral injury in the way humans do. It can identify signs, analyze data, and offer supportive communication, but it lacks the subjective consciousness, emotions, and moral reasoning essential for genuine understanding. Moral injury is rooted in human values, emotions, and lived experience—qualities AI does not possess. However, AI can be a valuable tool to augment human efforts in research, detection, and support. It can help clinicians better identify and address moral injury while providing a supplementary platform for individuals to begin articulating their distress. Healing from moral injury requires human empathy, relational trust, and moral wisdom—irreplaceable elements that define our shared humanity. As AI continues to evolve, it must be deployed with careful ethical consideration, clear communication about its limitations, and a focus on supporting, not supplanting, the profoundly human dimensions of moral injury. (shrink)

Social Justice is a concept familiar to most Indians but one whose meaning is not always understood as it signifies a variety of government strategies designed to enhance opportunities for underprivileged groups. By tracing the trajectory of social justice from the colonial period to the present, this book examines how it informs ideas, practices and debates on discrimination and disadvantage today. After outlining the historical context for reservations for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes that began under British colonial rule, the (...) book examines the legal and moral strands of demands raised by newer groups since 1990. In addition the book shows how the development of quota policies has been significantly influenced by the nature and operation of democracy in India. It describes the recent proliferation of quota demands for reservations in higher education, private sector and for women and religious minorities in legislative assemblies. The book goes on to argue that while proliferation of demands address unequal incidence of poverty, deprivation and inequalities across social groups and communities, care has to be taken to ensure that existing justifications for quotas for discriminated groups due to caste hierarchies are not undermined. Providing a rich historical background to the subject, the book is a useful contribution to the study on the evolution of multiple conceptions of social justice in contemporary India. (shrink)

The essays study from different perspectives, the much discussed and crucial topic of social discrimination, and particularly Dalit exploitation. The work is highly interdisciplinary in nature-relevant for several subjects and disciplines such as political science, sociology, Dalit studies, minority studies, women's studies, anthropology, law, economics This work specifically sets out to explore contemporary manifestations of discrimination that persist in our society through institutions and through norms and practices that define the terms on which certain social groups continue to be excluded. (...) The contributors bring in different critical perspectives from their different disciplines. (shrink)

The international opioid crisis highlights the important role of pharmacists in prevention, using their availability and drug knowledge to prevent abuse. In this study, the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Mangalore pharmacists towards preventing opioid abuse were assessed. From February to March 2025, a cross-sectional survey was done among 203 pharmacists aged 18-46 years in Mangalore using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test, and thematic analysis of qualitative feedback. Pharmacists showed high knowledge, with 93.6% identifying (...) opioids' mechanism as binding to CNS receptors correctly, 78.8% identifying naloxone's role in reversing overdose, and 70.0% knowing prescription drug monitoring programs' usefulness. Attitudes were optimistic, with 92.6% considering patient education a primary responsibility, 92.1% identifying multiple visits to the pharmacy as misuse, and 93.1% supporting medication-assisted treatment. The practice was active, with 93.1% checking prescription drug monitoring programs for suspected misuse and 69.0% advising take-back programs, but 43.8% associated early refills with misuse. Mangalore pharmacists show strong knowledge, attitudes, and practice against opioid abuse, being very strong in education and medication-assisted treatment support but having voids in misuse detection (for example, recognition of early refill) and naloxone confidence. Stronger training, better prescription drug monitoring program access, and policy adjustments can enhance their role in India's opioid strategy. Pharmacists are presented as front-line champions of opioid misuse prevention in this study, with implications for localized harm reduction. (shrink)

Our brain is solely responsible for every work we perform and execute. Through this article, we have attempted to classify the way through which our brain gets polluted, which ultitmately leads to the declination in the functioning power of our brain.

This article attempts to provide an insight about the status of Students Union in Nepal, and describes, how they are not been able to solve the problems arising in the daily life of students.

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are increasingly influencing decision-making processes across various domains. While AI offers undeniable benefits in efficiency and accuracy, its ethical implications necessitate careful consideration. This research paper delves into the ethical landscape of AI algorithms in decision-making. It explores how biases within training data can lead to discriminatory outcomes. The paper further examines the challenge of transparency in AI algorithms, where the rationale behind decisions remains opaque. To ensure responsible AI implementation, the research proposes strategies for mitigating (...) bias and fostering transparency in AI-driven decisionmaking. (shrink)

This paper deals with the acute toxicity of Sugar factory effluent on freshwater catfish, Mystus vittatus (Bloch), at different concentration and duration of exposure on the mortality and ethological alterations. The LC50 for 96 hours of sugar factory effluent for Mystus vittatus was 3.10% (v/v). The result also revealed that mortality rate depends upon concentrations of effluent and duration of exposure. The effluent exposed test fish showed alterations in behavioural responses. The behavioural alterations of Mystus vittatus during the present experiment (...) was found to depend on both duration of exposure and increase in concentration of the effluent and duration of exposure. The mortality rate was found to be directly proportional to the concentration of effluent. Thus, the present revealed that fish, Mystus vittatus are sensitive to distillery wastewater and can be used as biological indicators. (shrink)

The Indian sarus crane Grus antigone antigone is the world's graceful and tallest flying bird. It is a nonmigratory and only resident breeding crane of Indian sub continent. It has been declared as 'State Bird' by Government of Uttar Pradesh. Pairing of the bird for life long and legendry marital devotion of the species has earned its global popularity. Ecological and environmental condition of this lake is quite supportive for the survival of this vulnerable species. The present study deals with (...) the distribution and conservation of this vulnerable species in and around the Alwara lake of district Kaushambi, Uttar Pradesh. A total of 335 cranes were actually observed in 2012, 425 in 2013, 510 in 2014 and 537 in 2015, although more cranes were claimed to exist in this area by the local people. This communication is clearly depicting continuous increasing trend in population of Indian sarus crane during their exploration from 2012-2015 in the area studied, although its population is decreasing at global level. (shrink)

Abstract: The emergence of women entrepreneurs and their contribution to the national economy is quite visible in India. Women’s entrepreneurship has been recognized during the last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth. According to of statistics women in India 2010, proportion of female main workers to total population in percentage is 16.65 in rural areas and 9.42 in urban areas this shows overall less contribution of women in work but more percentage of women workers in rural areas. (...) According to the quick result of the Fourth All India Census of MSMEs (2006-07), there are 26 million MSMEs in India which provides employment to about 60 million people. The sector contributes about 40 % GDP, beside 45% to the total manufacturing output and 40 % to the exports from the country. There could be many opportunities identification hidden inside the challenges for small business concerns. This paper examines various opportunities and challenges for Women Entrepreneurship Development in Micro Small and Medium Enterprise. More precisely the paper explores, rewards for starting a small business, myths about small businesses, new opportunities, four forms of entrepreneurship, identification practices among first generation and major challenges in small business. (shrink)

Environment is the sum total of conditions in which an organism has to maintain its life process in order to survive. It consists of matter and energy. The interaction of matter and energy forms a system of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) components. All organisms including humans are parts of biotic components. Society is a group of people who share a common economic, social and industrial infrastructure or an organization of people who share a common cultural and social background having (...) many issues. Human beings live both in natural and social world. Biodiversity simply means the existence of a wide variety of plant and animal species in their natural environments. The current advancement shows strong impacts on the natural as well as social issues and both these influence the biodiversity of a particular region. (shrink)

An analysis of the nature of good governance as it figures into the Royal Government of Bhutan's policy of Gross National Happiness.

The present investigation was undertaken to investigate the acute toxicity of cadmium, a heavy metal widely detected in the aquatic environment due to natural effects and anthropogenic activities, in freshwater teleost, Channa punctata (Bloch). The experiments for the bioassay were performed in semi-static test condition according to the standard guidelines. The behavioural changes in the fish were observed for all tested concentrations of the metal. The data obtained for bioassay were analyzed for median lethal concentrations (LC ) of the metal (...) by SPSS computer software. The LC 50 50 values, estimated by SPSS, with 95% confidence level were found to be:20.589 (18.326-23.221), 17.133 (14.840- 19.734), 11.815 (9.696 – 13.850) mg/L and 9.908 (7.635-12381) mg/L for cadmium chloride at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, respectively. (shrink)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) is revolutionizing interactive technology, making it more immersive, adaptive, and personalized. This paper explores the potential of AI in generating virtual and augmented experiences, discussing its applications in various industries such as gaming, education, healthcare, and retail. AI algorithms enhance user experiences through intelligent interactions, procedural content generation, and real-time environmental adaptation. The study also examines the challenges and ethical considerations in AI-driven AR and VR environments, (...) alongside the future prospects of these technologies. (shrink)

E-Government refers to the administration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to the procedures and functions of the government with the objective of enhancing the transparency, efficiency and participation of the citizens. E-Government is tough systems that require distribution, protection of privacy and security and collapse of these could result in social and economic costs on a large scale. Many of the available e-government systems like electronic identity system of management (eIDs), websites are established at duplicated databases and servers. An (...) established validation and management system could face a single failure point and the system is prone to Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS), denial of service attacks (DoS), malware and other cyber attacks. The execution of a privacy preserving and a secure decentralized system is enabled by the block chain technology. Here any third-party organizations do not have any control over the transactions of the Government. With the help of block chain technology, new and existing data are encapsulated within ledger or blocks, which are evenly distributed through the network in an enduring and sustainable way. The privacy and security of information are improved with the help of block chain technology, where distribution and encryption of data are performed through the total network. This analytical paper maps out the analysis of the security in the e-government system, utilizing the block chain technology that provides privacy and security of information and thereby enhancing the trust among the public sector. Qualitative and theoretical analysis is made for the proposed topic and implications of privacy and security of the proposed system is made. (shrink)

Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), produced by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic, giving rise to a serious health threat globally. The global Covid-19 pandemic is a setback for sustainable development and compromise the world commitment to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. The measures taken to control the spread of the virus and the slowdown of economic activities during lockdown have significant effects on the environment. Therefore, this review discuss the indirect positive and negative (...) impacts of Covid-19 pandemic towards sustainable environment. This study indicates that, the pandemic situation significantly improves air quality in different cities across the world, reduces the emission of greenhouse gases, and decreases water and noise pollution, which may help in the restoration of the ecosystem. In addition, there are also some negative impact of Covid-19, such as increase of medical waste, haphazard use and disposal of disinfectants, mask, and gloves; and burden of untreated wastes continuously endangering the environment. It points to the fact that the net effect has been positive; in terms of reduction in greenhouse emissions, oil exploration activities, and pollution. It is expected that the proper implementation of the proposed suggestion might be helpful for the global environmental sustainability. (shrink)

With the increasing demand for machine learning (ML) applications across various industries, the environmental impact of training large models has become a significant concern. Green AI emphasizes the development of machine learning models that are energy-efficient, requiring fewer computational resources while maintaining high performance. This paper explores how lightweight machine learning models, implemented with Python, can contribute to Green AI practices. We review several approaches for designing compact models, including model pruning, knowledge distillation, and efficient architectures such as decision trees, (...) linear models, and lightweight neural networks. By adopting these techniques, organizations can reduce the carbon footprint of AI systems without compromising accuracy. Through practical examples, we demonstrate how Python libraries and tools can facilitate the creation of lightweight models in an energy-efficient manner. (shrink)

Self-supervised learning (SSL) has emerged as one of the most promising paradigms in artificial intelligence (AI), offering the ability to learn from vast amounts of unlabeled data and providing a new pathway to generative models that can create truly original content. In generative AI, SSL has become a game-changer, particularly for creative industries like art, music, literature, and design. This paper explores the role of self-supervised learning in generative AI, its impact on creativity, and how it is reshaping traditional creative (...) processes. By leveraging the unlabelled data present in the world, SSL enables AI systems to learn sophisticated data representations that are foundational for generating high-quality and diverse creative outputs. In generative models, SSL allows the AI to predict or reconstruct parts of data based on its surrounding context, thereby teaching it to generate new instances that maintain underlying patterns and structures. The paper first provides an overview of self-supervised learning and its mechanism in the context of generative AI. It then delves into how SSL is applied to various generative models such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and Transformers. Further, the paper explores its transformative impact on creative industries, allowing for the automatic generation of art, music, literature, and even design, offering more innovative, scalable, and personalized creative solutions. The potential benefits of SSL- powered generative AI are immense, offering new possibilities for artists and creators. However, the paper also discusses challenges such as the need for large unlabelled datasets, model interpretability, and ethical considerations. By the end of this paper, we aim to illustrate that self-supervised learning is poised to revolutionize the creative fields, enabling a more collaborative relationship between humans and machines. (shrink)

The rapid advancement of technology in the 21st century has profoundly impacted the field of engineering, particularly through the integration of automation and artificial intelligence (AI). These two pillars of Industry 4.0 are fundamentally reshaping how engineering processes are conceived, executed, and optimized. Automation, encompassing robotic systems, programmable logic controllers, and computer-integrated manufacturing, has dramatically enhanced productivity, precision, and consistency in both design and manufacturing. Simultaneously, AI technologies—ranging from machine learning and computer vision to natural language processing—are empowering systems to (...) learn from data, make informed decisions, and adapt to changing conditions with minimal human intervention. This paper explores the critical roles of automation and AI in modern engineering design and manufacturing. It delves into their applications across the engineering lifecycle—from computer-aided design (CAD) and generative modeling to intelligent production systems and predictive maintenance. Through real-world case studies such as Siemens’ Smart Factory, Tesla’s automated production lines, and GE’s AI-driven predictive analytics, the paper illustrates how leading organizations are leveraging these technologies to improve efficiency, reduce costs, and enhance product quality. Despite their many benefits, the adoption of automation and AI also presents significant challenges, including high implementation costs, data security concerns, ethical implications, and the need for workforce reskilling. These hurdles must be addressed to fully realize the transformative potential of these technologies. Looking forward, the paper discusses emerging trends such as edge AI, human-machine collaboration, and sustainable engineering practices enabled by intelligent automation. As engineering continues to evolve, the integration of AI and automation is expected to become not just a competitive advantage, but a necessity. This research highlights the need for a strategic and ethical approach to technology adoption to ensure long-term success and resilience in the engineering sector. (shrink)

A review of Failure by Arjun Appadurai and Neta Alexander.

Aristoteles unterscheidet zwischen zwei Arten, das Wort „dynaton" zu gebrauchen. Die erste dieser beiden Verwendungsweisen dient zur Zuschreibung von Vermögen (dynaton kata dynamin), die zweite entspricht unserer Verwendung des logisch-alethischen Modaloperators „Es ist möglich, dass" (dynaton ou kata dynamin). Ich argumentiere dafür, dass wichtige Unterschiede zwischen Vermögensprädikationen und Modalaussagen bestehen. Ich nenne mehrere Gründe dafür, dass Vermögensprädikationen keine Modalaussagen sind, zeige aber auch, dass Vermögensprädikationen zwei modale Elemente haben: Sie implizieren erstens nichttriviale Modalaussagen, weil es keine Vermögen für Unmögliches gibt. (...) Und sie implizieren zweitens nichttriviale Aussagen über kontrafaktische Situationen, weil sie Aussagen über kausale Rollen sind. (shrink)

Die progressive Besteuerung von Einkommen und Vermögen ist ein politisch viel diskutiertes, aber sozialethisch wenig reflektiertes Thema. In diesem Beitrag wird dargelegt, wie progressive Steuern auf Einkommen und Vermögen in einem Wohlfahrtsstaat aus Perspektive der sozialen Gerechtigkeit, wie sie von David Miller konzipiert wird, gerechtfertigt werden können. Um das Argument so einfach wie möglich zu gestalten, orientiert sich die Fragestellung dabei an der notwendigen Funktion der Bekämpfung von Armut, derer sich Wohlfahrtsstaaten als einer Forderung der sozialen Gerechtigkeit zu verpflichten haben. (...) Progressive Steuern auf Einkommen und Vermögen sind somit genau dann und in genau jener Höhe gerechtfertigt, als sie zur Bekämpfung von Armut notwendig sind. Darüber hinaus kann gezeigt werden, dass die progressive Besteuerung von Einkommen und Vermögen einfach und effizient dieses Ziel erreichen kann, da sie, anders als Massensteuern oder die einheitliche Besteuerung von Einkommen und Vermögen, nicht wohlfahrtsstaatlich ausgeglichen werden müssen. (shrink)

Martyrdom has been a decisive moral force in human history, shaping religious consciousness, political ideals, and cultural identities across civilizations. This article offers a comparative, multireligious examination of six exemplary martyrdoms: Jesus Christ in early Christianity, Imam Hussain ibn Ali at Karbala in Islam, Socrates in classical philosophy, Joan of Arc in medieval Christendom, Guru Arjun in early Sikhism, and Guru Tegh Bahadur in seventeenth-century India in Sikhism. Through an interdisciplinary approach drawing on theology, history, philosophy, and primary sacred (...) texts, the study analyzes how these deaths served as ethical turning points, catalyzing transformative movements grounded in conscience, resistance, and truth. Each martyrdom is presented with expanded historical detail and fully referenced primary quotations, ranging from the Gospels and Plato to the Aad Guru Granth Sahib and Persian sources. The article argues that, in its purest form, martyrdom is not merely the death of a righteous individual but the birth of a new moral horizon for a community. Despite the immense diversity of these traditions, the martyr stands as a universal archetype of ethical fidelity that transcends coercive power. Ultimately, the study reveals how these six martyrdoms continue to inform contemporary discourses on justice, human rights, spiritual autonomy, and collective memory. (shrink)

Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass die Dualität des mathematischen und dynamischen Erhabenen bei Kant auch dem Zweck der dritten Kritik dient, die Kluft zwischen den Gebieten der Natur und der Freiheit zu schließen. In der Sekundärliteratur zu Kant wird das Erhabene oft als Anhang des Schönen oder aufgrund seiner mehrfachen Dualitäten als Bruch in Kants Ansatz angesehen. Dies geschieht, weil solche Interpretationen die Elemente der Theorie des Erhabenen atomisch und nicht systematisch rekonstruieren. Im Gegensatz dazu wird in dieser Arbeit mittels der (...) Resonanz der teleologischen Behandlung der Vernunft nicht nur die innere Systematik der dritten Kritik gezeigt, sondern auch die von der gesamten kritischen Philosophie. Die Vernunft als Vermögen der Zwecksetzung zu verstehen in ihrem praktischen und theoretischen Gebrauch, ist keine neue Idee oder neuer systematischer Rekonstruktionsversuch der kritischen Philosophie in der Kantforschung. Das eigentlich Neue in dieser Monografie ist, einen Beweis von ihrer teleologischen Einheit aus der ästhetischen Perspektive des paradoxen Gefühls des Erhabenen geleistet zu haben. (shrink)

Die moderne Philosophie steht im Schatten des Skeptizismus: Alle Wissensansprüche scheinen fallibel, alle Theorien nur vorläufig, alle Gewissheiten nur temporär zu sein. In dieser gespannten Situation ist die Versuchung groß, das Wesen des vernünftigen Denkens in der Form zu suchen. Vernunft gilt dann als ein allgemeines Vermögen, das bei wechselnden Inhalten seine kritische Kompetenz bewahrt. Doch solche Formalismen müssen scheitern: Wer Erfahrung nur als «Wahrnehmung» oder «Gehalt» adressiert, übergeht die dynamische und überschreitende Natur alles Erfahrens, ohne die Denken und Wissen (...) nicht zu haben sind. -/- In dieser Studie wird gezeigt, dass der Pragmatismus von Peirce und Dewey als eine Philosophie der Erfahrung gelesen werden muss, die eine effektive Kritik der formalen Vernunft formuliert. Dabei bettet sie diese Philosophie in den weiteren Kontext der philosophischen Diskussion des 20. Jahrhunderts ein, in dem der Logische Empirismus und die postanalytische Philosophie auf die dynamische Natur des Wissens reflektieren. Die Frage nach der Erfahrung, so zeigt sich, ist selbst eine Reflexion auf die geschichtliche Erfahrung einer kontingenten Moderne. (shrink)

Stellen Sie sich eine auf den Kopf gestellte Welt vor, in der alles, was die grundlegenden Koordinaten der eigenen Existenz ausmacht, zu bröckeln beginnt. Überall brechen Aufstände, Meutereien und Streiks aus. Die Regierung bricht zusammen. Die Menschen fordern eine Räterepublik, eine parlamentarische Demokratie, einen revolutionären Staat. Keiner glaubt mehr an die Privatwirtschaft. Wie soll es politisch und ökonomisch weitergehen? Was ist der richtige Weg, um die Gesellschaft neu zu ordnen? Wie soll die Wirtschaft organisiert werden? Wem sollten die Produktionsmittel, das (...) Land und die natürlichen Ressourcen gehören, und wie sollten sie verteilt werden? Sollte das Privateigentum eingeschränkt oder abgeschafft werden? Und welche Güter sollten überhaupt privat besitzbar sein? Sollte der Staat, die Gemeinschaft, die Arbeiter:innen, die Familien, Unternehmen oder Einzelpersonen die Vermögenswerte der Gesellschaft besitzen? Und wie können diese gerecht und effizient aufgeteilt werden? Welche Eigentümer:innen sollten enteignet, welche anerkannt werden? Welche Rolle sollten die Arbeitnehmer:innen in der neuen Gesellschaft spielen? Was ist das Ziel des wirtschaftlichen Übergangs, und, noch wichtiger, wie kann es erreicht werden? (shrink)

Kant ist immer wieder der Vorwurf gemacht worden, den seine kritische Philosophie fundierenden Stämmedualismus von Sinnlichkeit und Verstand nicht begründet, sondern bloß vorausgesetzt zu haben. Träfe der Vorwurf zu, stünde die gesamte Kantische Philosophie auf tönernen Füßen. Denn nicht nur die transzendentale Theorie der Erkenntnis und die Kritik der Metaphysik, auch die praktische Philosophie, Ästhetik und Teleologie hängen letztlich vom Dualismus der Erkenntnisstämme ab. Der Vorwurf ist nicht gerechtfertigt. Das Buch zeigt, dass Kant eine klare Vorstellung von der Begründung der (...) Unterscheidung zwischen den Vermögen der Sinnlichkeit und des Verstandes als den einzigen Quellen menschlicher Erkenntnis hat. Diese Begründung wird rekonstruiert anhand der Detailanalyse der Theorie der Vorstellungsarten: Anschauung und Begriff, die Kant seit der Raumschrift von 1768 entwickelt und in seiner kritischen Philosophie vor allem in Auseinandersetzung mit der Leibniz-Wolffschen Theorie der Repräsentation entfaltet. Den Kern der Argumentation bildet die von Kant eingeführte neue Konzeption des Einzelnen und des Allgemeinen, der zufolge die Anschauung als einzelne Vorstellung und der Begriff als allgemeine Vorstellung irreduzible Vorstellungsarten sind. Die im erkennenden Subjekt verankerte Dualität der Einzelheit der Anschauung und der Allgemeinheit des Begriffs erweist sich so als die unhintergehbare Fundamentalunterscheidung der kritischen Philosophie, die bis heute für jede Kant-Kritik eine Herausforderung darstellt. (shrink)

Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften sind Knoten eines engen Beziehungsgeflechts, in dem Mensch und Gesellschaft, Natur und Kultur weitere Knoten sind. Entwicklungen in diesen beiden Bereichen haben somit stets Auswirkungen sowohl auf die anderen Knoten als auf das Beziehungsgeflecht als Ganzes. Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften sind als ars humana zudem stets eine Form menschlicher Handlung. Damit werden sie zu einem Schlüsselproblem der theoretischen und praktischen Philosophie. Denn der Mensch, seine Handlungen und seine Eingliederung in die Gesellschaft stehen ebenso wie die Natur und die (...) Kultur seit jeher im Zentrum philosophischer Untersuchungen. Die Philosophie vermag diese beiden Wissenschaftsbereiche zu fundieren und kritisch zu begleiten. Philosophie, Ingenieur- und Naturwissenschaften haben das Vermögen, sich gegenseitig zu befruchten. In Anbetracht der humanen, sozialen und ökologischen Probleme des 21. Jhds. ist die fachbereichsübergreifende und partnerschaftliche Zusammenarbeit dieser drei Schlüsselbereiche unabdingbar. Sie ist eine nicht hintergehbare Grundbedingung aller Entwicklungen, die den Anspruch erheben, nachhaltig zu sein und damit dem normativen Leitziel folgen, heutigen und zukünftigen Generationen bedingungslos ein menschenwürdiges Leben zu ermöglichen. Ingenieure und Naturwissenschaftler können dabei einen wesentlichen Beitrag leisten. Die folgenden zehn Thesen begründen die Bedeutung einer an Nachhaltigkeit orientierten philosophischen Grundbildung von Ingenieuren und Naturwissenschaftlern. (shrink)