Data extracted in October 2025.
Planned article update: 5 May 2026.
Highlights
This article highlights the development of electricity prices both for household and non-household consumers within the European Union (EU). When available, it also includes price data from Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Serbia, Türkiye, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo*, Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine.
The price of energy in the EU depends on a range of different supply and demand conditions, including the geopolitical situation, the national energy mix, import diversification, network costs, environmental protection costs, severe weather conditions, or levels of excise and taxation. Note that the prices presented in this article include taxes, levies and VAT for household consumers, but exclude refundable taxes and levies for non-household consumers.
*This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.
Electricity prices for household consumers
Highest electricity prices in Germany and Belgium
For household consumers in the EU (defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 2 500 Kilowatt hours (KWh) and 5 000 KWh), electricity prices in the first half of 2025 were highest in Germany (€0.3835 per KWh), Belgium (€0.3571 per KWh), Denmark (€0.3485 per KWh), and Italy (€0.3291 per KWh) - see Figure 1. The lowest prices were observed in Hungary (€0.1040 per KWh), Malta (€0.1244 per KWh) and Bulgaria (€0.1300 per KWh). For German household consumers, the per KWh cost was 34% above the EU average price, whereas households in Hungary, Malta and Bulgaria paid less than half the price of the EU average.
The EU average price in the first half of 2025 — a weighted average using the most recent (2023) consumption data for electricity by household consumers — was €0.2872 per KWh.
Figure 2 depicts the development of electricity prices for household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. The price without taxes, i.e. the energy, supply and network, was relatively stable between 2016 and 2020. The prices rose sharply in both semesters of 2022 and reached a peak of €0.2385 per KWh in the first half of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the price excluding taxes decreased to €0.2244 per KWh. This began a period of price stabilisation at levels above pre-crisis prices, with €0.2222 per KWh in early 2024, €0.2175 per KWh in the second half of the year and continuing into the first half of 2025 with prices at €0.2079 per KWh.
Electricity price including taxes for household consumers consistently increased after 2021, except for a drop in the second half of 2023. In the first half of 2024, the price peaked, reaching €0.2916 per KWh and in the second half of 2024, it showed a marginal drop to €0.2887 per KWh. The price continued to fall marginally to €0.2872 per KWh in the first half of 2025, 1.5% lower than the peak price in the first half of 2024.
The percentage of taxes in the total price increased by almost 10 percentage points (pp) from 31.2% in the first half of 2008 to 41.0% in the second half of 2019. After this point, it substantially decreased until the second half of 2022 (14.7%), when taxes were the lowest in the entire period for which data are available. Moderate and stable tax increases have been recorded in 2023, 2024 and into 2025, reaching 27.6% in the first half of the year. These figures reflect the impact of the governmental measures to mitigate EU household electricity costs in 2022 and the gradual reduction of those measures since 2023. This reduction of consumer relief measures, reflected in Figure 2 as gradual increase of taxes, explains the widening gap, between the two time-series of prices- those with taxes and those without-since 2023.
.png)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)
Weight of taxes and levies differs greatly between EU countries
Figure 3 shows the proportion of taxes and levies in the overall electricity retail price for household consumers. In the EU, the share of taxes in the first half of 2025 was the lowest in the Netherlands, where the values were in fact negative (-13.6%). Negative taxes, reflecting the subsidies and allowances, were also observed in Ireland, Luxembourg and Austria. The relative share of taxes was highest in Denmark, making up 47.7% of the total price. The average share of total taxes and levies at EU level in the first half of 2025 was 27.6%, an increase of 3.8 pp when compared with the first half of 2024, and an increase of 2.9 pp when compared with the second half of 2024, mostly driven by reduction of subsidies and allowances. The VAT in the EU represented 15.0% of the total price. It ranged from 4.7% in Malta to 21.3% in Hungary.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)
Largest increase in electricity prices in Luxembourg, Ireland and Poland
Figure 4 shows the percentage change in electricity prices for household consumers including all taxes and VAT between the first half of 2025 and the first half of 2024. For comparison purposes, the national currencies were used. For energy prices, comparing year on year instead of semester on semester is most meaningful to avoid seasonal effects. However, these seasonal effects are less prominent in the recent semesters. Year on year, the total prices increased in 12 of the EU countries, while they decreased in 13 EU countries and remained almost unchanged in 2 EU countries. The largest increase was observed in Luxembourg (31.3%), followed by Ireland (25.9%) and Poland (20.0%). Mainly network costs, as well as the reduction of subsidies and allowances drove the increase. Slovenia (-13.1%), Finland (-9.8%) and Cyprus (-9.5%) were the 3 EU countries to record the largest decreases.
,_first_half_2025.png)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)
Electricity prices in purchasing power standard
In Map 1, electricity prices for household consumers in the first half of 2025 are shown in purchasing power standard (PPS), grouping the available countries in 5 categories, with electricity price categories ranging from above 35 PPS per 100 KWh to below 20 PPS per 100 KWh. Electricity prices based on PPS were highest in Czechia (39.16), Poland (34.96) and Italy (34.40). The lowest electricity prices based on the purchasing power standard were observed in Malta (13.68), Hungary (15.01) and Finland (18.70)
(PPS per 100 KWh)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_204)
Share of transmission and distribution costs for household electricity consumers
Figure 5 presents the share of transmission and distribution costs for household electricity consumers. Transmission and distribution costs are only reported once a year, at the end of the second semester. Distribution costs account for the largest share by far, when compared with the transmission costs. This is normal for all types of networks including the electricity system.
Transmission network is used for transmitting bulk amounts of energy over long distances. The distribution network is usually the part of the system where the consumers are connected. The distribution network is denser than the transmission network, therefore, its share in the costs is expected to be higher.
Countries with lower population density require a more extensive transmission network to meet their needs. Their costs are higher when compared with the countries with higher population density. Smaller, densely populated countries use mostly their own distribution network.
The latest available data for transmission and distribution costs are for the year 2024, in which, Luxembourg (100.0%), Slovakia (93.0%) and Finland (90.0%) had the highest shares of distribution costs. On the other hand, Lithuania(39.2%), Ireland (36.0%) and Germany (34.8%) had the highest shares of transmission costs.
.png)
Electricity prices for non-household consumers
Electricity prices highest in Ireland and Italy
Non-household consumers are defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 500 MWh (Mega Watt hours) and 2 000 MWh. As depicted in Figure 6, electricity prices in the first half of 2025 were highest in Ireland (€0.2726 per KWh) and Italy (€0.2336 per KWh). The lowest prices were observed in Finland (€0.0804 per KWh) and Sweden (€0.0964 per KWh). The EU average price in the first half of 2025 was €0.1902 per KWh. The aggregates are weighted averages taking into consideration the average consumption in each band.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)
Figure 7 shows the development of electricity prices for non-household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. The price without taxes, i.e. the energy, supply and network, underwent minor fluctuations until 2021. After this point in time, during the second half of 2021 and even more so, throughout both halves of 2022, the price registered significant increases, peaking at €0.1987 per KWh in the second half of 2022. Subsequently, in both halves of 2023 (€0.1938 per KWh in the first half and €0.1767 per KWh in the second) as well as the first half of 2024 (€0.1575 per KWh), the price recorded declines. In the second half of 2024, prices excluding taxes showed a marginal increase for the first time since the peak, reaching €0.1629 per KWh. However, in the first half of 2025 prices excluding all taxes decreased to €0.1560 per KWh, the lowest since the beginning of 2022. The proportion of taxes rose by 21.0 pp, from 13.8% in the first half of 2008 to 34.8% in the first half of 2020, before declining. By the first half of 2024, the share of taxes had fallen to 16.4%, and further decreased to 16.1% in the second half, reflecting an increase from the lowest point of 5.6% recorded in the second half of 2022. In the first half of 2025, the proportion of taxes increased to 18.0%, an increase of 1.9pp from the preceding semester.
Looking at the non-household total price, i.e. including non-recoverable taxes, the increase persisted for an additional semester compared with the price excluding taxes and peaked at €0.2151 per KWh in the first half of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the price declined (€0.2003 per KWh), followed by a further drop in the first half of 2024 (€0.1885 per KWh). In the second half of 2024 the price showed a 2.9% increase, figuring at €0.1941 per KWh. The price fell again slightly to €0.1902 per KWh in the first semester of 2025.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)
Proportion of non-recoverable taxes and levies in electricity prices
Figure 8 presents the proportion of non-recoverable taxes and levies on the overall electricity price for non-household consumers. In the first half of 2025, the share of taxes was highest in Poland and Cyprus, where non-recoverable taxes and levies made up 35.1% and 29.2% of the total price, respectively. Bulgaria had negative taxes for the first half of 2025 (-14.3%). The share of taxes for the EU in the first half of 2025 stood at 18.0%, showing an increase when compared with the previous three semesters where the share ranged between 11.8% (second half of 2023) and 16.4% (first half of 2024).
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)
Development of electricity prices for non-household consumers
Figure 9 shows the change in electricity prices for non-household consumers including all non-recoverable taxes and levies from the first half of 2024 to the first half of 2025. For comparison purposes the national currencies were used. Increases were reported in 11 EU Countries, decreases in 12, while prices were rather stable in 4 EU Countries. The highest increases were reported by Greece (26.9%), Denmark (17.2%) and Portugal (15.1%), while Luxembourg (-13.3%), Slovenia (-9.9%) and France (-9.0%) reported the biggest price drops.
,_first_half_2025_(%25)_.png)
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_205)
Source data for tables and graphs
Data sources
Defining household consumers
Throughout this article, references to household consumers relate to the medium standard household consumption band with an annual electricity consumption between 2 500 KWh and 5 000 KWh. All figures are consumer retail prices and include taxes, levies and VAT. The full datasets for electricity prices for households consumers are available at:
- Electricity prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc_204)
- Electricity prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_204_c)
and
Defining non-household consumers
Throughout this article, references to non-household consumers relate to the medium standard non-household consumption band with an annual consumption of electricity between 500 MWh and 2 000 MWh. In this article, prices correspond to the price of electricity production, its supply, the network costs and includes all non-recoverable taxes and levies. The full datasets for electricity prices for non-households consumers are available at:
- Electricity prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc_205)
- Electricity prices components for non-household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_205_c)
and
Methodology
Prices in national currencies are converted into euro using the average exchange rate of the period for which the prices were reported.
Prices are always compared with the prices of the same semesters (i.e. year on year) in order to avoid seasonal effects.
In 2016, Regulation (EU) 2016/1952 entered into force. It defines the obligation for the collection and dissemination of electricity prices for household and non-household consumers. Until 2016, the domain of non-household consumers was defined as industrial consumers, but reporting authorities were allowed to include other non-household consumers. Regulation (EU) 2016/1952 changed the definition from industrial to non-household consumers to have a unique methodology for all reporting countries. Until January 2017, the reporting authorities provided their price data for the household sector on a voluntary basis.
Electricity tariffs or price schemes vary from one supplier to another. They may result from negotiated contracts, especially for large non-household consumers. For smaller consumers, they are generally set according to a number of characteristics including the amount of electricity consumed. Most tariffs also include some form of fixed charge. There is, therefore, no single price for electricity. In order to compare prices over time and between EU countries, this article shows information for consumption bands for household consumers and for non-household consumers. Electricity prices for household consumers are divided into 5 annual consumption bands and, for non-household consumers, into 7 different consumption bands.
The prices collected cover average prices over a period of 6 months (a half-year or semester) from January to June (first semester) and from July to December (second semester) of each year. Prices include the basic price of electricity, transmission and distribution charges, meter rental, and other services. Electricity prices for household consumers presented in this article include taxes, levies, non-tax levies, fees and value added tax (VAT) as this generally reflects the total price paid by household consumers. As non-household consumers are usually able to recover VAT and some other taxes, prices for non-household consumers are shown without VAT and other recoverable taxes/levies/fees. The unit for electricity prices is that of euro per kilowatt-hour (€ per KWh).
Methodological note: As of S1 2025, there was a revision of electricity and natural gas prices in the Netherlands. Updated prices for network are based on administrative sources. This is the new methodology applied from 2025S1 and also for the historical data since 2017S1.
Allowances in the reference period 2025 Semester 1
- Belgium
With regard to household consumption of electricity and gas, in Belgium, the lower TVA rate of 6% introduced by the Government in 2023, remained at the same level for S1 2024. No further update for 2025.
- Czechia
- All price compensations were ended by 31 December 2023. There is no price compensation for the year 2025.
- Denmark
- Gas:
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in 2025 in Denmark. However, the model for distribution costs for natural gas has changed with a resulting increase in fixed cost share of total cost. This has resulted in an increase in the average costs for households with low annual consumption.
- Electricity:
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in 2025 in Denmark.
- Germany
Electricity: In 2025, capacity-related charges were adjusted upwards. The offshore levy increased to 0.816 ct/kWh, up from 0.656 ct/kWh in 2024, and the StromNEV levy rose to 1.558 ct/kWh, compared to 0.643 ct/kWh the previous year. The Combined Heat and Power Act levy (KWKG-Umlage) increased to 0.277 ct/kWh as of January 1, 2025, from 0.275 ct/kWh in 2024.
Natural gas: The gas storage neutrality charge (Gasspeicherumlage) increased to 0.299 ct/kWh on January 1, 2025, up from 0.250 ct/kWh in 2024, while the CO₂ levy rose to 0.998 ct/kWh, compared to 0.816 ct/kWh the previous year.
- Ireland
Electricity: Ireland Household Prices: Due to the increases in energy prices from 2022, Ireland has introduced measures to alleviate the burden on final consumers. Domestic electricity customers, including pay as you go customers, have so far received €1500 worth of credits on their electricity cost, spread over their bills as follows: April/May 2022: €200, November/December 2022: €200, January/February 2023: €200, March/April 2023: €200, December 2023: €150, January 2024: €150, March 2024: €150, November/December 2024: €125, January/February 2025: €125. A further measure to tackle rising energy costs has been introduced in the way of a cut in VAT on gas and electricity bills from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to October 2025. Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
Gas:
Ireland Household Prices: To tackle rising energy costs, VAT on gas and electricity bills has been cut from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to October 2025. Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS)[1] was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
- Greece
- Electricity:
For 2025 support measures concern only the first quarter 2025 as outlined below: i. For household customers, specific measures were set for consumers with non fixed per kWh price, contract. Specifically, only consumers whose final electricity price, exceeded €140 per megawatt-hour (MWh) were eligible for the subsidy. The subsidy amount was calculated based on actual electricity consumption. ii. Certain categories of non-household consumers meeting specific criteria received compensation for January and February 2025. Beneficiaries were classified into four categories based on either their 2023 gross income or the company’s NACE code.These compensations were granted by July 2025.
- Natural gas 2024:
There were no support measures affecting prices in the first semester of 2025. .
- France
- Gas
Allowances: period 2024 S1 and S2 The standard rate of excise duty on gas will rise from €8.37/MWh to €16.37/MWh on January 1, 2024. Reduced rates are unchanged. In 2024, collective housing will continue to benefit from bill payment assistance to cope with rising gas prices. The French government will cover 75% of the difference between the price actually paid and the reference price of €72.8/MWh, for contracts signed before June 30, 2023. No further update for 2025.
- Electricity:
Allowances: period 2024 S1 and S2 Most of the measures taken to reduce energy costs in 2022 and 2023 are no longer in force. Electricity excise duty for households has been raised from €1/MWh to €21/MWh, and €20.5/MWh for businesses with a contract power of less than 250 kVA, on February 1, 2024. The rate freeze on regulated electricity sales tariffs, eligible for household and small businesses, has been lifted. However, measures to limit the cost of electricity to €280/MWh for very small businesses remain in force in 2024. Small and medium-sized businesses continue to benefit from the electricity buffer, which covers up to 75% of the bill when the price exceeds €250/MWh, up to a limit of €2.25 million in cumulative aid over 2023 and 2024. Medium-sized energy-intensive companies benefit from a targeted aid window that covers 75% of their bill above €300/MWh.
No further update for 2025.
- Italy
- Natural Gas
In order to mitigate the significant burden borne by vulnerable families and micro-enterprises due to the increase in international natural gas prices affecting the final cost of energy products, the Italian Government adopted the Decree-Law 28 febbraio 2025, n. 19, known as the “Decree on Bills”. The decree introduced a one-time extraordinary contribution of 200 euros for families in poor economic conditions in 2025. Specifically: For households with an Equivalent Economic Situation Indicator (ISEE) value less than or equal to 9,530 euros (or less than or equal to 20,000 euros if they have at least four dependent children), who already benefit from the standard social electricity bonus under current legislation and regulations, the contribution provided by decree 19/25 is considered an additional support. It is paid for the consumption period from April 1, 2025, to July 31, 2025, in daily installments of 1.64 euros per day, added to the ordinary amounts established for the social electricity bonus.
For households with an ISEE value greater than 9,530 euros and up to 25,000 euros with fewer than four dependent children, and for households with an ISEE exceeding 20,000 euros but not surpassing 25,000 euros with at least four dependent children, they are not entitled to the standard social electricity bonus under current legislation. However, they are eligible for the extraordinary contribution in 2025 provided by decree 19/2025. In this case, the benefit will be paid starting from June 2025 in daily installments of 2.25 euros, up to a total of 200 euros. Since the list of these households is not available in the information system managing the regular bonus disbursements, the start date of the extraordinary contribution for these households depends on when their details are entered into the system. The payments will therefore be distributed in the following months.
Additionally, the decree introduced a measure to reduce electricity costs for businesses by eliminating, for a six-month period from April 1 to September 30, 2025, the ASOS component applied to power consumed by non-domestic customers connected at low voltage with available power exceeding 16.5 kW.
- Austria
- Natural Gas
The natural gas levy has been reduced from 1 May 2022 to 31 December 2024 from 0,066 €/m³ to 0,01196 €/m³.
- Electricity
The electricity levy has been reduced from 1 May 2022 to 31 December 2024 from 0,015 €/kWh to 0,001 €/kWh. For certain load profiles (H, G or L) the energy price up to 2,900 kWh per year has been limited with 10 Cent/kWh. That applies from 1 December 2022 to 31 December 2024. Households with four or more people get additional money which has been paid out in three tranches. Tranche 1: 1 December 2022 to 30 June 2023 - 61.25 Euro per additional person, Tranche 2: 1 July 2023 to 31 December 2023 - 52.50 Euro per additional person, Tranche 3: 1 January 2024 to 30 June 2024 - 52.50 Euro per additional person and Tranche 4: 1 July 2024 to 31 December 2024 – 52.50 Euro per additional person For certain load profiles (H, G or L) the financial support was extended until 30 June 2025. Households get a voucher of 150 € for energy cost compensation. This voucher has been paid out with the yearly bill. The vouchers have been taken into account from the first half-year of 2022 to the end of 2023. The network tariffs have been reduced for households with low income from 1 January 2023 to 30 June 2024. The network tariffs for those households are reduced up to 75%. Several provinces have additional financial support for their inhabitants. Lower Austria (October 2022 – September 2023): Fixed amount depending on the household size: One person household € 169,58, Two-person household € 272,36, Three-person household € 374,44, Four-person household € 415,80, Five-person household € 457,07, For each additional person € 41,27. Vorarlberg: In 2022 each household got 33,33 € and households with low income got 120 €. From 1 April 2023 to 30 June 2024 the energy price has been reduced by 3 Cent/kWh Salzburg: price cap for hot water boiler (load profiles ULA and ULB) up to 1,000 kWh per year with 10 Cent/kWh.
- Croatia
- Natural Gas
- VAT remains at 5%
- Decision on subsidizing part of the final price of gas supply:
Support for households - subsidies for households amounted 0,0090 EUR/kWh in average, according to the Government Decision on subsidizing part of the final price of gas supply for households; Support for non-households, annual gas consumption of up to 10 GWh - no subsidies of the final price for non-households.
- Electricity
In March 2025, the Government of the Republic of Croatia extended the Regulation on amendments to the Regulation on eliminating disturbances on the domestic energy market until September 30, 2025.
- Spain
The Government of Spain has maintained the measures adopted during 2021 and reinforced them during 2022. The idea is to continue cushioning the impact of electricity prices on final consumers. These measures have focused on the "taxes, fees and charges" component, such as applying reduced rates to both VAT and the Special Electricity Tax, as well applying a new reduction in electricity charges applicable during 2023, comparing them with those of the previous year.
No further update for 2025.
- Cyprus
The only supportive measure for 2024 S1 in Cyprus both for households and part of commerce is "A percentage subsidy imposed by the Ministry of Finance on specific categories of consumers based on scaled consumption as from September 2022 to October 2024".
No further update for 2025.
- Latvia
Electricity prices:
In the 1st and 2nd half of 2024, households have discounts on the electricity distribution tariff, but non-households do not have discounts on the electricity distribution tariff. Since 1P 2024, new distribution and transmission tariffs have come into effect for electricity in Latvia.
No further update for 2025. Natural gas prices:
In the 1st half of 2024, there is no discount on natural gas prices for households and non-households. Since the 1st half of 2024, new distribution tariffs have come into effect for natural gas.
No further update for 2025.
- Lithuania
- Electricity
The State Energy Regulatory Council has set a zero price for public interest services (VIPS) for 2024. There are no longer any subsidies or allowances for the price of electricity in Lithuania.
No further update for 2025.
- Poland
Natural gas prices For certain groups of eligible customers, the maximum price for gaseous fuel shall apply. This applies mainly households and the majority of public utilities (education, health care, social assistance and many others). The net fuel price (level 1 without energy's supply) for such customers is a maximum of 200,17 PLN/MWh excluding excise tax and VAT. The maximum price of gas fuel for the indicated groups is to be valid until 30 June 2024. From 1 July 2024, the support programme for all domestic consumers was discontinued. A subsidy system based on energy vouchers for lower-income households has been introduced after the period. The 2024 gas allowance is available to all households that heated their homes with natural gas in 2023 and meet certain income criteria. The maximum income per person in a multi-person household cannot exceed PLN 1,350 per month, and in a single-person household PLN 1,500 per month. Applications for payment of funds were handled by local authorities (commune). These values are linked to the heating season, i.e. the winter period 2024/2025. This solution will continue in the next heating season 2025/2026. For the heating voucher in the 2025/2026 season, the following income thresholds based on the net monthly income per household member will apply: Single-person household: PLN 3,200 per month. Multi-person household: PLN 2,300 per month per person. Obtaining the voucher, especially the increased rate, is closely linked to information about the method of heating the home.
The condition for receiving the increased benefit is confirmation of the main source of heat in the Central Register of Building Emissions (CEEB). This register, maintained by the General Building Control Office (GUNB), is of key importance. The municipality is required to enter the data into the CEEB. Failure to report may mean that the municipality will not be able to verify your entitlement to the increased rate, which may result in a lower (basic) voucher amount being granted.
Important information: Until 1 July 2024, the maximum price of natural gas for domestic consumers was set by the government, i.e. it was a maximum of 200,17 PLN/MWh excluding excise tax and VAT. After this period, standard tariff rules for gas sellers apply, which are checked before approval by the Energy Regulatory Office. After 1 July 2024, the subsidy system in the form of an energy voucher (for gas-heated homes) was operated by commune. We do not see these effects in our gas price statistics provided to Eurostat; the prices we report (i.e. for S2 2024, S1 2025) are the tariff prices of gas sellers for all households. One-off seasonal subsidies in the form of energy vouchers apply only to a selected group of domestic customers, strictly related to the type of heat source registered in the Central Register of Building Emissions. We do not have access to municipal data and are unable to determine how these one-off benefits affected the prices reported in categories D1, D2 and D3. The subsidy system after 1 July 2024 for certain domestic consumers, its general concept and operating principles with established criteria is more informative in nature.
Electricity prices The support system from 2023 was extended by law for the first half of 2024. For the second half of 2024, a support system for households was also established, with the maximum price reduced to 500 PLN/MWh excluding excise tax and VAT (previously it was 693 PLN/MWh). In the first half of 2025 (and until the end of September 2025), the maximum electricity price for households was still 500 PLN/MWh (excluding excise duty and VAT). This price has now been extended until the end of 2025.
- Portugal
Support Measures for Electricity and Natural Gas in Portugal (2025)
With the aim of protecting consumers from the effects of energy market volatility and ensuring fairer access to energy, the Portuguese Government has implemented and extended several measures in the electricity and natural gas sectors: 1. Extension of Regulated Tariffs The Government has extended the validity of regulated electricity and natural gas tariffs until 31 December 2025. This measure aims to protect household consumers from sharp price fluctuations. 2. Social Electricity Tariff The social electricity tariff remains in force, aimed at economically vulnerable consumers. This support provides a reduction applied on network access tariffs. 3. Reduction of VAT Rate on Electricity The reduced VAT rate on electricity has been maintained and extended to cover a larger number of families, as established by Law No. 38/2024, published in August 2024. The 6% reduced rate is now applied to electricity consumption of up to 200 kWh per month for contracts with a contracted power of up to 6.9 kVA. For large families (households with five or more members), the limit is increased to 300 kWh per month. Consumption above these thresholds remains subject to the standard VAT rate of 23%. 4. Social Natural Gas Tariff The social natural gas tariff has been maintained for economically vulnerable consumers on low-pressure networks, applied to network access tariffs. 5. Return to the Regulated Natural Gas Market Consumers still have the option to return to the regulated natural gas market, where tariffs are set by the National Regulator (ERSE). 6. Reduction of Electricity Network Access Tariffs The reduction in electricity network access tariffs has also been maintained, helping to contain the final prices paid by consumers.
- Romania
The average prices submitted to EUROSTAT by Romania for S1 2025 reflect the final prices charged by electricity or gas suppliers to their household or non-household final clients. According to the national law requirements (Government Emergency Ordinance no. 27/2022 regarding the measures applicable to final customers on the electricity and natural gas market in the period April 1, 2022-March 31, 2023 with subsequent amendments and additions, still in force until July 2025 for electricity prices), the electricity and gas prices (tariffs/taxes/VAT included - level 3) charged to final clients are capped, therefore, the final invoiced price/kWh (including VAT) for electricity cannot exceed one of the following values: (0.68 lei/kWh, 0.80 lei/kWh or 1.3 lei/kWh (VAT included) - depending on the type of client -household/nonhousehold- and on the consumption level).
For natural gas, the capped values of the final invoiced price/kWh (including VAT) are: 0.31 lei/kWh - for household clients, respectively and 0.37 lei/kWh - for non-household clients. These values do not depend on consumption levels.
- Slovenia
In order to mitigate the consequences of high energy prices of electricity and natural gas for final consumers certain measures were still in place in first half of 2025 in Slovenia.
1. Electricity prices - measures
- One of the first measures that is in place from February 2022 is the amended government Regulation on determining the amount of excise duty, which reduced the excise duty for final consumers of electricity for 50 % with an annual consumption:
from 0 to 10,000 MWh from EUR 3.05 per MWh to EUR 1.53 per MWh, above 10,000 MWh from EUR 1.800 per MWh to EUR 0.90 per MWh.
- With a government Regulation the maximum permitted tariff items for the price of electricity for household customers and for the supply of electricity in common areas of multi-apartment buildings and mixed multi-apartment-commercial buildings, without VAT, amounted to:
Higher tariff (VT): 0.08400 EUR/kWh Lower tariff (NT): 0.07000 EUR/kWh Uniform tariff (ET): 0.07700 EUR/kWh
- The prices were regulated for 100% of the electricity consumption (i.e. total) from 1 November 2024 until 28 February 2025. From 1 March 2025 the measure was omitted and market prices applied for 100% of the electricity consumption.
- Before that, from 1 January 2024 and 31 October 2024 the electricity prices were regulated for 90% of the consumed electricity with the following rates:
- - Higher tariff (VT): 0.11800 EUR/kWh
- - Lower tariff (NT): 0.08200 EUR/kWh
- - Uniform tariff (ET): 0.09800 EUR/kWh
- Amended government Regulation on the method of determining and calculating contributions for providing support for the production of electricity in cogeneration with high efficiency and from renewable energy sources exempted household electricity consumers from paying the RES+CHP contribution until the end of June 2025. RES+CHP contribution is reported under “environmental taxes” in Eurostat’s tables for electricity prices.
- All other measures (i.e. subsidies for reducing electricity prices for industry in 2023) were discontinued on 1 January 2024.
- Detailed explanations on all measures (electricity prices) in place for the period from 2022 onwards (only in Slovene): https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/elektricna-energija/
2. Natural gas prices - measures
- The amended government Regulation on determining the amount of excise duty reduced the excise duty for final consumers of natural gas used for heating to 0.00086 EUR/kWh. All excise duties are reported under “environmental taxes” in Eurostat’s tables (annual data).
- In previous periods, from 1 January 2024 to 30 April 2024 the highest permitted tariff rate for natural gas in the amount of EUR 0.05990 kWh (excluding VAT) applied to household customers and joint household customers, replacement and basic natural gas distribution for household customers and joint household customers, and distributors for district heating that supply heat to household customers.
- All other measures (i.e. subsidies for reducing natural gas prices for industry in 2023, omitting CO2 contribution and regulating natural gas price at 0,073 EUR/kWh for households and small businesses) were discontinued on 1 January 2024.
- Detailed explanations on all measures (natural gas prices) in place for the period from 2022 onwards (only in Slovene): https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/zemeljski-plin/
- Finland
- Household electricity:
- There were no measures to compensate electricity costs in S1/2025.
- Non-household electricity:
- Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in electricity costs.
- Non-household Natural gas :
- Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in natural gas costs.
- Sweden
- Regarding 2025S1, there are currently no subsidies measures in place in Sweden, apart from a slight tax increase that took effect in January 2025 (later this year, there are plans to introduce a nationwide high-cost protection mechanism for electricity prices exceeding a certain threshold per kWh ).
- “Norway”
The government of Norway introduced a temporary support scheme from December 2021 onwards where all households receive an amount of support per KWh electricity used. This amount varies from month to month depending on the average electricity spot price. This support is paid to household consumers by lowering their electricity bill, in all months where the wholesale electricity price is above a certain threshold. This support is paid to household consumers by lowering their electricity bill. The temporary electricity support scheme for households is expected to last at least at least until the end of 2029.
Context
The price and reliability of energy supplies, electricity in particular, are key elements in a country's energy supply strategy. Electricity prices are of particular importance for international competitiveness, as electricity usually represents a significant proportion of total energy costs for industrial and service-providing businesses. Contrary to the price of fossil fuels, which are usually traded on global markets with relatively uniform prices, electricity prices vary widely among EU Member States. The price of primary fuels and, more recently, the cost of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission certificates influence, to some degree, the price of electricity.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Emergency - preparing, purchasing and protecting the EU together, COM2022(553) final, coordinates solidarity efforts, secures the energy supply, stabilises price levels and support households and companies facing high energy prices.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, COM2022(108) final, Commission to propose measures to coordinate solidarity efforts, secure the energy supply, stabilise price levels and support households and companies facing high energy prices.
In 2019, the European Commission presented the Clean energy for all Europeans package. The Commission completed a comprehensive update of its energy policy framework to facilitate the transition away from fossil fuels towards cleaner energy and to deliver on the EU's Paris Agreement commitments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The Fit for 55 legislative proposals cover a wide range of policy areas including climate, energy, transport and taxation, setting out the ways in which the Commission will reach its updated 2030 target in real terms.
Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952 tackles data weaknesses led to the recommendation to improve the detail, transparency and consistency of energy price data collection. An energy prices and costs report would be prepared every 2 years. The European Commission thus published such a report also in 2016 and 2018.
The Seventh report on the state of the energy union was published on 18 October 2022. The 2022 report is the third report since the adoption of the European Green Deal and the first after the adoption of the REPowerEU plan. It highlights the challenges that the energy sector has faced in the past 12 months and the progress made in addressing both shorter-term issues and Europe's long-term climate goals. In particular, the report takes stock of the EU's energy policy response to the current energy crisis, exacerbated by Russia's war in Ukraine.
Increased transparency for gas and electricity prices should help promote fair competition, by encouraging consumers to choose between different energy sources (oil, coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources) and different suppliers. Energy price transparency is more effective when publishing and broadcasting as widely as possible prices and pricing systems.
Explore further
Other articles
Database
- Energy statistics - prices of natural gas and electricity (nrg_price)
- Energy statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc)
- Energy statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (until 2007) (nrg_pc_h)
Thematic section
Selected datasets
- Energy statistics - main indicators (t_nrg_indic)
- Electricity prices by type of user (ten00117)
External links
- Eurelectric
- Europe's Energy Portal
- European Commission — Energy
- Weekly oil bulletin (weekly pump prices)
- State of the energy union reports (State of the energy union reports)