Data extracted in October 2025.
Planned article update: 5 May 2026.
Highlights
Year-on-year household gas prices in the first half of 2025 increased in 13 EU countries, decreased in 8 and remained almost unchanged in 2 EU countries.
Year-on-year non-household gas prices in the first half of 2025 decreased in 7 EU countries, while they increased in 18. The increase ranged from 2.3% to 39.8%.
Household gas prices in the EU were highest in Sweden (€0.2128 per KWh) and lowest in Hungary (€0.0307 per KWh) in the first half of 2025.
This article highlights the development of natural gas prices for household and non-household consumers within the European Union (EU); it also includes price data from Liechtenstein, North Macedonia, Serbia, Türkiye, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Georgia and Ukraine, when available.
The price of energy in the EU depends on a range of different supply and demand conditions, including the geopolitical situation, the national energy mix, import diversification, network costs, environmental protection costs, severe weather conditions, and levels of excise and taxation. Note that prices presented in this article include taxes, levies and VAT for household consumers but exclude refundable taxes and levies and VAT for non-household consumers.
Natural gas prices for household consumers
Highest gas prices in Sweden, the Netherlands and Denmark
For household consumers in the EU (defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 20 Gigajoules (GJ) and 200 (GJ), natural gas prices in the first half of 2025 were highest in Sweden (€0.2128 per Kilowatt hour (KWh)), the Netherlands (€0.1617 per KWh) and Denmark (€0.1306 per KWh). They were lowest in Hungary (€0.0307 per KWh), Croatia (€0.0461 per KWh) and Romania (€0.0559 per KWh) (see Figure 1). The price of natural gas for households in Sweden was more than 6 times the price charged in Hungary and 86% higher than the EU average price (€0.1143 per KWh).
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
The average natural gas price for household consumers in the EU, calculated as a weighted average using the most recent consumption data from 2023 and prices from the first half of 2025, was €0.1143 per KWh.
Figure 2 presents the development of natural gas prices for household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. Generally, these prices are higher in the second half of each year. This is due to the seasonal effect and reflected in the zig-zag shape of the lines in Figure 2. However, substantial price changes attenuated this phenomenon, since the first half of 2022. Overall, in the EU, there was an upward trend in natural gas total prices in the first half of each year, from a low of €0.0562 per KWh in the first half of 2010 to a local peak of €0.0692 per KWh in the first half of 2013. Then, the price decreased until 2017, rose in 2018, and dropped again in 2020. Prices including taxes showed a sharp increase from the second half of 2021 to the first half of 2023. In the second half of 2023, the price of natural gas for household consumers decreased to €0.1141 per KWh, following a peak in the first half of 2023 (€0.1163 per KWh), which was the highest up to that point. In the first half of 2024 the price recorded a further drop, falling to €0.1104 per KWh, before it reaches €0.1244 per KWh, in the second half of 2024, which marked the highest level recorded since the beginning of this data collection. In the first half of 2025, prices showed a drop to €0.1143 per KWh, contributing to the reemergence of the customary zig-zag pattern observed in the time series prior to the crisis.
The proportion of the taxes increased from 25% in the first half of 2008 to 36% in the first half of 2021 and then decreased to 14% in the second half of 2022, reflecting the subsidies and allowances measures taken by the countries to alleviate the burden of high energy prices. In the first half of 2024, the proportion of taxes increased to 27%, in the second half of 2024 to 30%, and in the first half of 2025 they further increased to 31%, indicating the reduction of the measures and the restoration of the corresponding tax to levels approaching those prior to the sharp price increase. The evolution of gas prices for households excluding taxes peaked in the second half of 2022 (€0.0971 per KWh). After this point, prices showed consecutive declines, falling to €0.0802 per kWh in the first half of 2024 and rising again in the second half to €0.0871 per KWh. In the first half of 2025, prices dropped to €0.0788 per kWh, representing a 9.5% decrease compared to the second half of 2024 and a 1.7% decrease compared to the first half of 2024.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Weight of taxes and levies differs greatly between EU countries
Figure 3 shows the proportion of taxes and levies in the overall natural gas retail price for household consumers. The relative tax contribution in the first half of 2025 was the lowest in Croatia (4.8%). The highest proportion of taxes was observed in the Netherlands, where total taxes and levies corresponded to 53.9% of the final price. In Denmark this percentage was 47.9%. The VAT in the EU represented 15.2% of the total price. The share of VAT in the total price ranged from 4.8% in Croatia to 21.2% in Hungary. Compared with the second half of 2024, the share of taxes increased by 1.1 percentage points (pp), from 30.0% to 31.1%, also increased compared with first half of 2024 (27.4%) by 3.7 percentage points (pp). These changes relate to the governmental allowances and subsidies to mitigate high-energy costs in the second half of 2022, reduced in the subsequent years, but are also a consequence of the overall changes in the price of the energy and supply and the network components.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Higher increase in gas prices for household consumers in Estonia, Bulgaria and Sweden
Figure 4 shows the change in natural gas prices for household consumers including all taxes, levies and VAT from the first half of 2024 to the first half of 2025. For comparison purposes, the national currencies were used. These prices increased during the period under consideration in 13 of the 23 EU countries for which data are available, while they were relatively stable in 2 EU countries and decreased in 8 (Cyprus, Malta and Finland do not report natural gas prices in the household sector and for Poland data are confidential in the first half of 2025). The largest increases were observed in Estonia (23.9%), Bulgaria (23.6%) and Sweden (20.94%). The largest decreases were reported by Slovenia (-12.7%), Austria (-11.5%) and Czechia (-10.9%).
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_202)
Gas prices in purchasing power standard
In Map 1, gas prices for household consumers in the first half of 2025 are shown in purchasing power standard (PPS) grouping the available countries in 5 categories, with gas price categories ranging from above 14 PPS per 100 KWh to below 8 PPSS per 100 KWh. The final burden for the consumers is calculated based on their own consumption. The gas prices per 100KWh, expressed in purchasing power standard were highest in Sweden (17.55 PPS), Portugal (15.34 PPS) and the Netherlands (13.80 PPS). The lowest gas prices based on the PPS were observed in Hungary (4.43 PPS), Croatia (6.47 PPS) and Luxembourg (7.04 PPS).
Natural gas prices for non-household consumers
Gas prices for non-household consumers highest in Sweden and Finland
For non-household consumers in the EU (defined for the purpose of this article as medium-sized consumers with an annual consumption between 10 000 GJ and 100 000 GJ), natural gas prices in the first half of 2025 were highest in Sweden (€0.1054 per KWh), where they were 59% above the EU average, followed by Finland (€0.0973 per KWh) and the Netherlands (€0.0839 per KWh). Sweden and Finland have very little natural gas consumption. The lowest prices were recorded in Bulgaria (€0.0466 per KWh) and Greece (€0.0501 per KWh) (see Figure 5).
The EU average price — a weighted average using the most recent (year 2023) data for natural gas consumption by non-household consumers — was €0.0661 per KWh.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Figure 6 shows the development of natural gas prices for non-household consumers in the EU since the first half of 2008. These prices for non-household consumers do not display the seasonal effect observed for household consumers (see Figure 2). 4 peaks are observed in the natural gas total price for non-household consumers since the data collection started. The first peak is observed in the second half of 2008. After falling to €0.0310 per KWh in the second half of 2009, the price increased each half year peaking at €0.0420 per KWh in the first half of 2013. Then, it decreased every semester, reaching a low of €0.029 in the second half of 2017. After this point, we observe an increase until the first half of 2019, followed by a decrease until the first half of 2021. From the second half of 2021 the price recorded increases reaching €0.0867 per KWh in the second half of 2022, which was the all times high. After this point, non-household gas prices recorded drops till the first half of 2024 (€0.0619 per KWh). After this point, prices excluding recoverable taxes recorded small increases and reached €0.0661 per KWh in the first half of 2025. The price excluding taxes, in the first half of 2025, was €0.0552 per KWh, showing a small 1.7% increase, compared with the second semester 2024 (€0.05430 per kWh) and also an increase of 4% compared with the same semester of the previous year (€0.0531 per kWh).
The weight of all the taxes increased from around 7.1% in 2008 to around 20.5% in the first half of 2021 and then dropped to 6.6% in the second half of 2022. After this time point, tax increased to 15.2% in the second half of 2024 and further increased to 16.5% in the first half of 2025.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Figure 7 presents the proportion of taxes and levies in the total natural gas price that non-household consumers cannot recover. For non-household consumers, the share of these non-recoverable taxes in the first half of 2025 was 47.1% in the Netherlands, 31.5% in Sweden and 28.1% in Denmark. Lithuania (0.9%), Romania (1.4%) and Poland (1.7%) found themselves at the other end of the spectrum, registering the lowest shares of taxes.
Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Development of gas prices for non-household consumers
Figure 8 shows the change in natural gas prices for non-household consumers including all non-recoverable taxes and levies from the first half of 2024 to the first half of 2025. For comparison purposes, the national currencies were used. These prices increased in 18 and decreased in 7 of the 25 EU countries, that reported data (Cyprus and Malta do not report natural gas prices in the non-household sector). Highest increases were reported by Denmark (39.8%), Austria (34.7%) and Lithuania (32.0%). The biggest decreases were reported by Hungary (-9.5%) and Luxembourg (-9.1%).
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Source: Eurostat (nrg_pc_203)
Source data for tables and figures (MS Excel)
Data sources
Defining household consumers
Throughout this article, references to household consumers relate to the medium standard household consumption band with an annual consumption of natural gas (only piped gas is considered) between 5 555 KWh and 55 555 KWh (20 GJ and 200 GJ). All figures are consumer retail prices and include taxes, levies and VAT. Cyprus, Malta and Finland do not report natural gas prices in the household sector. The full datasets for gas prices for households consumers are available at:
- Gas prices for household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc_202)
- Gas prices components for household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_202_c)
and
Defining non-household consumers
Throughout this article, references to non-household consumers relate to the medium standard non-household consumption band with an annual consumption of natural gas between 2 778 GWh and 27 778 GWh (10 000 GJ and 100 000 GJ). Prices correspond to the basic price for natural gas, including all non-recoverable taxes and levies. Cyprus and Malta do not report natural gas prices in the non-household sector. Quantities of natural gas used for chemical processes or electricity and/or combined heat and power production are excluded from these data. The full datasets for gas prices for non-households consumers are available at:
- Gas prices for non-household consumers - bi-annual data (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc_203)
- Gas prices components for non-household consumers - annual data (nrg_pc_203_c)
and
Methodology
Prices in national currencies are converted into euro using the average exchange rate of the period for which the prices were reported.
Prices are always compared with the prices of the same semesters (i.e. year on year) in order to avoid seasonal effects.
In 2016, Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952 entered into force. It defines the obligation for the collection and dissemination of natural gas prices for household and non-household consumers. Until 2016, the domain of non-household consumers was defined as industrial consumers, but reporting authorities were allowed to include other non-household consumers. With Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952, the definition was changed from industrial to non-household consumers to have a unique methodology for all reporting countries. Until January 2017, the reporting authorities provided their price data for the household sector on a voluntary basis.
Natural gas tariffs or price schemes vary from one supplier to another. They may result from negotiated contracts, especially for large non-household consumers. For smaller consumers, they are generally set according to a number of characteristics including the amount of natural gas consumed. Most tariffs also include some form of fixed charge. There is, therefore, no single price for natural gas. In order to compare prices over time and between EU Member States, this article shows information for consumption bands for household consumers and for non-household consumers. Natural gas prices for household consumers are divided into three annual consumption bands and, for non-household consumers, into six different consumption bands.
The prices collected cover average prices over a period of 6 months (a half-year or semester) from January to June (first semester) and from July to December (second semester) of each year. Prices include the basic price of natural gas, transmission and distribution charges, metre rental, and other services. Natural gas prices for household consumers presented in this article include taxes, levies, non-tax levies, fees and value added tax (VAT) as this generally reflects the total price paid by household consumers. As non-household consumers are usually able to recover VAT and some other taxes, prices for non-household consumers are shown without VAT and other recoverable taxes/levies/fees. The unit for natural gas prices is that of euro per kilowatt hour (€ per KWh).
Methodological note: In Sweden, from the first semester of 2024, gas prices are calculated using weighted averages of gas grids and are differently impacted by network costs. This cost is fixed, leading to a higher cost per unit for low consumption and a lower cost per unit for high consumption. This is reflected in the data as a (b): Break in time series.
Methodological note: As of S1 2025, there was a revision of electricity and natural gas prices in the Netherlands. Updated prices for network are based on administrative sources. This is the new methodology applied from 2025S1 and also for the historical data since 2017S1.
Allowances in the reference period 2025 Semester 1
- Belgium
With regard to household consumption of electricity and gas, in Belgium, the lower TVA rate of 6% introduced by the Government in 2023, remained at the same level for S1 2024. No further update for 2025.
- Czechia
- All price compensations were ended by 31 December 2023. There is no price compensation for the year 2025.
- Denmark
- Gas:
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in 2025 in Denmark. However, the model for distribution costs for natural gas has changed with a resulting increase in fixed cost share of total cost. This has resulted in an increase in the average costs for households with low annual consumption.
- Electricity:
There are no subsidies affecting the prices in 2025 in Denmark.
- Germany
Electricity: In 2025, capacity-related charges were adjusted upwards. The offshore levy increased to 0.816 ct/kWh, up from 0.656 ct/kWh in 2024, and the StromNEV levy rose to 1.558 ct/kWh, compared to 0.643 ct/kWh the previous year. The Combined Heat and Power Act levy (KWKG-Umlage) increased to 0.277 ct/kWh as of January 1, 2025, from 0.275 ct/kWh in 2024.
Natural gas: The gas storage neutrality charge (Gasspeicherumlage) increased to 0.299 ct/kWh on January 1, 2025, up from 0.250 ct/kWh in 2024, while the CO₂ levy rose to 0.998 ct/kWh, compared to 0.816 ct/kWh the previous year.
- Ireland
Electricity: Ireland Household Prices: Due to the increases in energy prices from 2022, Ireland has introduced measures to alleviate the burden on final consumers. Domestic electricity customers, including pay as you go customers, have so far received €1500 worth of credits on their electricity cost, spread over their bills as follows: April/May 2022: €200, November/December 2022: €200, January/February 2023: €200, March/April 2023: €200, December 2023: €150, January 2024: €150, March 2024: €150, November/December 2024: €125, January/February 2025: €125. A further measure to tackle rising energy costs has been introduced in the way of a cut in VAT on gas and electricity bills from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to October 2025. Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
Gas:
Ireland Household Prices: To tackle rising energy costs, VAT on gas and electricity bills has been cut from 13.5% to 9% from 1 May 2022. This VAT reduction has now been extended to October 2025. Ireland Non-Household Prices: The Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS)[1] was introduced in the second half of 2022 to support non-domestic customers with increases in their electricity or natural gas (energy) costs. The scheme was administered by Ireland Revenue and provided a cash payment to qualifying non-domestic customers. As it was not administered by electricity suppliers, TBESS rebates are not accounted for in the prices. The time limit for making a claim for the Temporary Business Energy Support Scheme (TBESS) expired on 30 September 2023.
- Greece
- Electricity:
For 2025 support measures concern only the first quarter 2025 as outlined below: i. For household customers, specific measures were set for consumers with non fixed per kWh price, contract. Specifically, only consumers whose final electricity price, exceeded €140 per megawatt-hour (MWh) were eligible for the subsidy. The subsidy amount was calculated based on actual electricity consumption. ii. Certain categories of non-household consumers meeting specific criteria received compensation for January and February 2025. Beneficiaries were classified into four categories based on either their 2023 gross income or the company’s NACE code.These compensations were granted by July 2025.
- Natural gas 2024:
There were no support measures affecting prices in the first semester of 2025. .
- France
- Gas
Allowances: period 2024 S1 and S2 The standard rate of excise duty on gas will rise from €8.37/MWh to €16.37/MWh on January 1, 2024. Reduced rates are unchanged. In 2024, collective housing will continue to benefit from bill payment assistance to cope with rising gas prices. The French government will cover 75% of the difference between the price actually paid and the reference price of €72.8/MWh, for contracts signed before June 30, 2023. No further update for 2025.
- Electricity:
Allowances: period 2024 S1 and S2 Most of the measures taken to reduce energy costs in 2022 and 2023 are no longer in force. Electricity excise duty for households has been raised from €1/MWh to €21/MWh, and €20.5/MWh for businesses with a contract power of less than 250 kVA, on February 1, 2024. The rate freeze on regulated electricity sales tariffs, eligible for household and small businesses, has been lifted. However, measures to limit the cost of electricity to €280/MWh for very small businesses remain in force in 2024. Small and medium-sized businesses continue to benefit from the electricity buffer, which covers up to 75% of the bill when the price exceeds €250/MWh, up to a limit of €2.25 million in cumulative aid over 2023 and 2024. Medium-sized energy-intensive companies benefit from a targeted aid window that covers 75% of their bill above €300/MWh.
No further update for 2025.
- Italy
- Natural Gas
In order to mitigate the significant burden borne by vulnerable families and micro-enterprises due to the increase in international natural gas prices affecting the final cost of energy products, the Italian Government adopted the Decree-Law 28 febbraio 2025, n. 19, known as the “Decree on Bills”. The decree introduced a one-time extraordinary contribution of 200 euros for families in poor economic conditions in 2025. Specifically: For households with an Equivalent Economic Situation Indicator (ISEE) value less than or equal to 9,530 euros (or less than or equal to 20,000 euros if they have at least four dependent children), who already benefit from the standard social electricity bonus under current legislation and regulations, the contribution provided by decree 19/25 is considered an additional support. It is paid for the consumption period from April 1, 2025, to July 31, 2025, in daily installments of 1.64 euros per day, added to the ordinary amounts established for the social electricity bonus.
For households with an ISEE value greater than 9,530 euros and up to 25,000 euros with fewer than four dependent children, and for households with an ISEE exceeding 20,000 euros but not surpassing 25,000 euros with at least four dependent children, they are not entitled to the standard social electricity bonus under current legislation. However, they are eligible for the extraordinary contribution in 2025 provided by decree 19/2025. In this case, the benefit will be paid starting from June 2025 in daily installments of 2.25 euros, up to a total of 200 euros. Since the list of these households is not available in the information system managing the regular bonus disbursements, the start date of the extraordinary contribution for these households depends on when their details are entered into the system. The payments will therefore be distributed in the following months.
Additionally, the decree introduced a measure to reduce electricity costs for businesses by eliminating, for a six-month period from April 1 to September 30, 2025, the ASOS component applied to power consumed by non-domestic customers connected at low voltage with available power exceeding 16.5 kW.
- Austria
- Natural Gas
The natural gas levy has been reduced from 1 May 2022 to 31 December 2024 from 0,066 €/m³ to 0,01196 €/m³.
- Electricity
The electricity levy has been reduced from 1 May 2022 to 31 December 2024 from 0,015 €/kWh to 0,001 €/kWh. For certain load profiles (H, G or L) the energy price up to 2,900 kWh per year has been limited with 10 Cent/kWh. That applies from 1 December 2022 to 31 December 2024. Households with four or more people get additional money which has been paid out in three tranches. Tranche 1: 1 December 2022 to 30 June 2023 - 61.25 Euro per additional person, Tranche 2: 1 July 2023 to 31 December 2023 - 52.50 Euro per additional person, Tranche 3: 1 January 2024 to 30 June 2024 - 52.50 Euro per additional person and Tranche 4: 1 July 2024 to 31 December 2024 – 52.50 Euro per additional person For certain load profiles (H, G or L) the financial support was extended until 30 June 2025. Households get a voucher of 150 € for energy cost compensation. This voucher has been paid out with the yearly bill. The vouchers have been taken into account from the first half-year of 2022 to the end of 2023. The network tariffs have been reduced for households with low income from 1 January 2023 to 30 June 2024. The network tariffs for those households are reduced up to 75%. Several provinces have additional financial support for their inhabitants. Lower Austria (October 2022 – September 2023): Fixed amount depending on the household size: One person household € 169,58, Two-person household € 272,36, Three-person household € 374,44, Four-person household € 415,80, Five-person household € 457,07, For each additional person € 41,27. Vorarlberg: In 2022 each household got 33,33 € and households with low income got 120 €. From 1 April 2023 to 30 June 2024 the energy price has been reduced by 3 Cent/kWh Salzburg: price cap for hot water boiler (load profiles ULA and ULB) up to 1,000 kWh per year with 10 Cent/kWh.
- Croatia
- Natural Gas
- VAT remains at 5%
- Decision on subsidizing part of the final price of gas supply:
Support for households - subsidies for households amounted 0,0090 EUR/kWh in average, according to the Government Decision on subsidizing part of the final price of gas supply for households; Support for non-households, annual gas consumption of up to 10 GWh - no subsidies of the final price for non-households.
- Electricity
In March 2025, the Government of the Republic of Croatia extended the Regulation on amendments to the Regulation on eliminating disturbances on the domestic energy market until September 30, 2025.
- Spain
The Government of Spain has maintained the measures adopted during 2021 and reinforced them during 2022. The idea is to continue cushioning the impact of electricity prices on final consumers. These measures have focused on the "taxes, fees and charges" component, such as applying reduced rates to both VAT and the Special Electricity Tax, as well applying a new reduction in electricity charges applicable during 2023, comparing them with those of the previous year.
No further update for 2025.
- Cyprus
The only supportive measure for 2024 S1 in Cyprus both for households and part of commerce is "A percentage subsidy imposed by the Ministry of Finance on specific categories of consumers based on scaled consumption as from September 2022 to October 2024".
No further update for 2025.
- Latvia
Electricity prices:
In the 1st and 2nd half of 2024, households have discounts on the electricity distribution tariff, but non-households do not have discounts on the electricity distribution tariff. Since 1P 2024, new distribution and transmission tariffs have come into effect for electricity in Latvia.
No further update for 2025. Natural gas prices:
In the 1st half of 2024, there is no discount on natural gas prices for households and non-households. Since the 1st half of 2024, new distribution tariffs have come into effect for natural gas.
No further update for 2025.
- Lithuania
- Electricity
The State Energy Regulatory Council has set a zero price for public interest services (VIPS) for 2024. There are no longer any subsidies or allowances for the price of electricity in Lithuania.
No further update for 2025.
- Poland
Natural gas prices For certain groups of eligible customers, the maximum price for gaseous fuel shall apply. This applies mainly households and the majority of public utilities (education, health care, social assistance and many others). The net fuel price (level 1 without energy's supply) for such customers is a maximum of 200,17 PLN/MWh excluding excise tax and VAT. The maximum price of gas fuel for the indicated groups is to be valid until 30 June 2024. From 1 July 2024, the support programme for all domestic consumers was discontinued. A subsidy system based on energy vouchers for lower-income households has been introduced after the period. The 2024 gas allowance is available to all households that heated their homes with natural gas in 2023 and meet certain income criteria. The maximum income per person in a multi-person household cannot exceed PLN 1,350 per month, and in a single-person household PLN 1,500 per month. Applications for payment of funds were handled by local authorities (commune). These values are linked to the heating season, i.e. the winter period 2024/2025. This solution will continue in the next heating season 2025/2026. For the heating voucher in the 2025/2026 season, the following income thresholds based on the net monthly income per household member will apply: Single-person household: PLN 3,200 per month. Multi-person household: PLN 2,300 per month per person. Obtaining the voucher, especially the increased rate, is closely linked to information about the method of heating the home.
The condition for receiving the increased benefit is confirmation of the main source of heat in the Central Register of Building Emissions (CEEB). This register, maintained by the General Building Control Office (GUNB), is of key importance. The municipality is required to enter the data into the CEEB. Failure to report may mean that the municipality will not be able to verify your entitlement to the increased rate, which may result in a lower (basic) voucher amount being granted.
Important information: Until 1 July 2024, the maximum price of natural gas for domestic consumers was set by the government, i.e. it was a maximum of 200,17 PLN/MWh excluding excise tax and VAT. After this period, standard tariff rules for gas sellers apply, which are checked before approval by the Energy Regulatory Office. After 1 July 2024, the subsidy system in the form of an energy voucher (for gas-heated homes) was operated by commune. We do not see these effects in our gas price statistics provided to Eurostat; the prices we report (i.e. for S2 2024, S1 2025) are the tariff prices of gas sellers for all households. One-off seasonal subsidies in the form of energy vouchers apply only to a selected group of domestic customers, strictly related to the type of heat source registered in the Central Register of Building Emissions. We do not have access to municipal data and are unable to determine how these one-off benefits affected the prices reported in categories D1, D2 and D3. The subsidy system after 1 July 2024 for certain domestic consumers, its general concept and operating principles with established criteria is more informative in nature.
Electricity prices The support system from 2023 was extended by law for the first half of 2024. For the second half of 2024, a support system for households was also established, with the maximum price reduced to 500 PLN/MWh excluding excise tax and VAT (previously it was 693 PLN/MWh). In the first half of 2025 (and until the end of September 2025), the maximum electricity price for households was still 500 PLN/MWh (excluding excise duty and VAT). This price has now been extended until the end of 2025.
- Portugal
Support Measures for Electricity and Natural Gas in Portugal (2025)
With the aim of protecting consumers from the effects of energy market volatility and ensuring fairer access to energy, the Portuguese Government has implemented and extended several measures in the electricity and natural gas sectors: 1. Extension of Regulated Tariffs The Government has extended the validity of regulated electricity and natural gas tariffs until 31 December 2025. This measure aims to protect household consumers from sharp price fluctuations. 2. Social Electricity Tariff The social electricity tariff remains in force, aimed at economically vulnerable consumers. This support provides a reduction applied on network access tariffs. 3. Reduction of VAT Rate on Electricity The reduced VAT rate on electricity has been maintained and extended to cover a larger number of families, as established by Law No. 38/2024, published in August 2024. The 6% reduced rate is now applied to electricity consumption of up to 200 kWh per month for contracts with a contracted power of up to 6.9 kVA. For large families (households with five or more members), the limit is increased to 300 kWh per month. Consumption above these thresholds remains subject to the standard VAT rate of 23%. 4. Social Natural Gas Tariff The social natural gas tariff has been maintained for economically vulnerable consumers on low-pressure networks, applied to network access tariffs. 5. Return to the Regulated Natural Gas Market Consumers still have the option to return to the regulated natural gas market, where tariffs are set by the National Regulator (ERSE). 6. Reduction of Electricity Network Access Tariffs The reduction in electricity network access tariffs has also been maintained, helping to contain the final prices paid by consumers.
- Romania
The average prices submitted to EUROSTAT by Romania for S1 2025 reflect the final prices charged by electricity or gas suppliers to their household or non-household final clients. According to the national law requirements (Government Emergency Ordinance no. 27/2022 regarding the measures applicable to final customers on the electricity and natural gas market in the period April 1, 2022-March 31, 2023 with subsequent amendments and additions, still in force until July 2025 for electricity prices), the electricity and gas prices (tariffs/taxes/VAT included - level 3) charged to final clients are capped, therefore, the final invoiced price/kWh (including VAT) for electricity cannot exceed one of the following values: (0.68 lei/kWh, 0.80 lei/kWh or 1.3 lei/kWh (VAT included) - depending on the type of client -household/nonhousehold- and on the consumption level).
For natural gas, the capped values of the final invoiced price/kWh (including VAT) are: 0.31 lei/kWh - for household clients, respectively and 0.37 lei/kWh - for non-household clients. These values do not depend on consumption levels.
- Slovenia
In order to mitigate the consequences of high energy prices of electricity and natural gas for final consumers certain measures were still in place in first half of 2025 in Slovenia.
1. Electricity prices - measures
- One of the first measures that is in place from February 2022 is the amended government Regulation on determining the amount of excise duty, which reduced the excise duty for final consumers of electricity for 50 % with an annual consumption:
from 0 to 10,000 MWh from EUR 3.05 per MWh to EUR 1.53 per MWh, above 10,000 MWh from EUR 1.800 per MWh to EUR 0.90 per MWh.
- With a government Regulation the maximum permitted tariff items for the price of electricity for household customers and for the supply of electricity in common areas of multi-apartment buildings and mixed multi-apartment-commercial buildings, without VAT, amounted to:
Higher tariff (VT): 0.08400 EUR/kWh Lower tariff (NT): 0.07000 EUR/kWh Uniform tariff (ET): 0.07700 EUR/kWh
- The prices were regulated for 100% of the electricity consumption (i.e. total) from 1 November 2024 until 28 February 2025. From 1 March 2025 the measure was omitted and market prices applied for 100% of the electricity consumption.
- Before that, from 1 January 2024 and 31 October 2024 the electricity prices were regulated for 90% of the consumed electricity with the following rates:
- - Higher tariff (VT): 0.11800 EUR/kWh
- - Lower tariff (NT): 0.08200 EUR/kWh
- - Uniform tariff (ET): 0.09800 EUR/kWh
- Amended government Regulation on the method of determining and calculating contributions for providing support for the production of electricity in cogeneration with high efficiency and from renewable energy sources exempted household electricity consumers from paying the RES+CHP contribution until the end of June 2025. RES+CHP contribution is reported under “environmental taxes” in Eurostat’s tables for electricity prices.
- All other measures (i.e. subsidies for reducing electricity prices for industry in 2023) were discontinued on 1 January 2024.
- Detailed explanations on all measures (electricity prices) in place for the period from 2022 onwards (only in Slovene): https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/elektricna-energija/
2. Natural gas prices - measures
- The amended government Regulation on determining the amount of excise duty reduced the excise duty for final consumers of natural gas used for heating to 0.00086 EUR/kWh. All excise duties are reported under “environmental taxes” in Eurostat’s tables (annual data).
- In previous periods, from 1 January 2024 to 30 April 2024 the highest permitted tariff rate for natural gas in the amount of EUR 0.05990 kWh (excluding VAT) applied to household customers and joint household customers, replacement and basic natural gas distribution for household customers and joint household customers, and distributors for district heating that supply heat to household customers.
- All other measures (i.e. subsidies for reducing natural gas prices for industry in 2023, omitting CO2 contribution and regulating natural gas price at 0,073 EUR/kWh for households and small businesses) were discontinued on 1 January 2024.
- Detailed explanations on all measures (natural gas prices) in place for the period from 2022 onwards (only in Slovene): https://www.energetika-portal.si/podrocja/energetika/ukrepi-za-omilitev-draginje-na-podrocju-energetike/zemeljski-plin/
- Finland
- Household electricity:
- There were no measures to compensate electricity costs in S1/2025.
- Non-household electricity:
- Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in electricity costs.
- Non-household Natural gas :
- Excise duty refunds to energy-intensive companies are paid retroactively upon refund application. These refunds are not included in natural gas costs.
- Sweden
- Regarding 2025S1, there are currently no subsidies measures in place in Sweden, apart from a slight tax increase that took effect in January 2025 (later this year, there are plans to introduce a nationwide high-cost protection mechanism for electricity prices exceeding a certain threshold per kWh ).
- Norway
The government of Norway introduced a temporary support scheme from December 2021 onwards where all households receive an amount of support per KWh electricity used. This amount varies from month to month depending on the average electricity spot price. This support is paid to household consumers by lowering their electricity bill, in all months where the wholesale electricity price is above a certain threshold. This support is paid to household consumers by lowering their electricity bill. The temporary electricity support scheme for households is expected to last at least at least until the end of 2029.
Context
The price and reliability of energy supplies are key elements in a country's energy supply strategy. Natural gas prices are of particular importance for international competitiveness, as natural gas might represent a significant proportion of total energy costs for industrial and service-providing businesses. Contrary to the price of fossil fuels, which are usually traded on global markets with relatively uniform prices, natural gas prices vary widely among EU Member States.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Energy Emergency - preparing, purchasing and protecting the EU together, COM2022(553) final, coordinates solidarity efforts, secures the energy supply, stabilises price levels and support households and companies facing high energy prices.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, Tackling rising energy prices: a toolbox for action and support, COM2021(0660) final, points out the observed increase of wholesale energy prices. It is expected that it will be reflected in the final consumer prices in the official statistics for this reference period. The energy prices evolution in the second half 2021 will be available as European official statistics level in April 2022.
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, REPowerEU: Joint European Action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy, COM2022(108) final, paves the way to reach independence from Russian gas well before the end of the decade.
In 2019, the European Commission presented the Clean energy for all Europeans package. The Commission completed a comprehensive update of its energy policy framework to facilitate the transition away from fossil fuels towards cleaner energy and to deliver on the EU's Paris Agreement commitments for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
The Fit for 55 legislative proposals cover a wide range of policy areas including climate, energy, transport and taxation, setting out the ways in which the Commission will reach its updated 2030 target in real terms.
Directive 2009/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning common rules for the internal market in natural gas aims to introduce common rules for the transmission, distribution, supply and storage of natural gas with the objectives of providing market access and enabling fair and non-discriminatory competition.
Regulation (EU) 2019/942 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 June 2019 establishing a European Union Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators. ACER, among others, assists the regulatory authorities in carrying out, at EU level, the regulatory tasks performed in the EU Member States.
Regulation (EU) No 2016/1952 tackles data weaknesses led to the recommendation to improve the detail, transparency and consistency of energy price data collection. An energy prices and costs report would be prepared every 2 years.
The 5th report on energy prices and costs was published in March 2024. It assesses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine on the recent evolution of energy prices; but it also focuses on EU policies and emergency measures aimed at dealing with the consequences of the 2 crises.
Increased transparency for gas and electricity prices should help promote fair competition, by encouraging consumers to choose between different energy sources (oil, coal, natural gas and renewable energy sources) and different suppliers. Energy price transparency is more effective when publishing and broadcasting as widely as possible prices and pricing systems.
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Other articles
Database
- Energy Statistics - prices of natural gas and electricity (nrg_price)
- Energy Statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (from 2007 onwards) (nrg_pc)
- Energy Statistics - natural gas and electricity prices (until 2007) (nrg_pc_h)
Thematic section
Selected datasets
- Energy Statistics - prices (t_nrg_price)
- Gas prices by type of user (ten00118)
External links
- Eurogas — Statistics
- Europe's Energy Portal
- European Commission — Energy
- Weekly oil bulletin (weekly pump prices)
- State of the energy union reports (State of the energy union reports)